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	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Redwood_Asset_Management&amp;diff=463140</id>
		<title>Directory:Redwood Asset Management</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Redwood_Asset_Management&amp;diff=463140"/>
		<updated>2014-05-22T20:06:22Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Undo revision 463139 by Ockham (talk)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox company&lt;br /&gt;
| name             = Redwood Asset Management Inc.&lt;br /&gt;
| logo             = &lt;br /&gt;
| type             = &lt;br /&gt;
| traded_as        = &lt;br /&gt;
| industry         = Financial Services&lt;br /&gt;
| foundation       = Toronto, Canada ({{Start date|2002|}})&lt;br /&gt;
| location_city    = Toronto&lt;br /&gt;
| location_country = Canada&lt;br /&gt;
| key_people       = Jonathan Clapham (CEO), Peter J. Shippen (President &amp;amp; CFO)&lt;br /&gt;
| products         = Mutual Funds&lt;br /&gt;
| revenue          = &lt;br /&gt;
| aum              = 280 million&lt;br /&gt;
| assets           = &lt;br /&gt;
| equity           = &lt;br /&gt;
| homepage         = {{URL|http://www.redwoodasset.com/}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Redwood Asset Management''' Inc. is a privately-owned [[Toronto]]-based investment fund manager that distributes a number of mutual and hedge funds. Redwood is a boutique [[investment]] firm that takes on a sub-advisory model to manage the assets of all of their mutual funds. It invests in public equity and fixed income markets.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Capital Markets: Company Overview of Redwood Asset Management Inc.|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=9587352|publisher=Bloomberg Businessweek|accessdate=22 May 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It currently has 280 million [[assets under management]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Redwood was founded 2002, but assumed its present form in 2009 with the merger of two Canadian [[mutual fund]] companies Ark Funds and Redwood. There were no changes made to the firms' funds or sub-advisors which included : Aston Hill Financial, Lawrence Decter Investment Counsel, SciVest Capital Management, NorthRoad Capital Management and Sentry Select Capital.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=Redwood Asset Management, Ark Funds to Merge|url=http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/redwood-asset-management-ark-funds-to-merge-1041450.htm|accessdate=21 May 2014|newspaper=Market Wired|date=8 September 2009}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; As of 2010, Redwood teamed with [[CIBC Mellon]] Global Securities Services Company who provides asset services for a number of the company's funds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Redwood Asset Management chooses CIBC Mellon to deliver asset servicing support|url=https://www.cibcmellon.com/Contents/en_CA/English/NewsRoom/BulletinsReleases/2010/PR20100422.html|publisher=CIBC Mellon|accessdate=22 May 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 2013, Redwood was released from the responsibility of the Clearpoint Global Dividend Fund, the management of this fund was transferred from Redwood to Caldwell Investment Management.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=IN THE MATTER OF REDWOOD ASSET MANAGEMENT INC. AND CALDWELL INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT LTD AND REDWOOD GLOBAL HIGH DIVIDEND FUND|url=http://www.osc.gov.on.ca/en/SecuritiesLaw_ord_20130725_216_redwood-asset.htm|publisher=Ontario Securities Commission|accessdate=22 May 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Mutual funds==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Redwood Asset Management currently has five income funds, three octane funds and one advisor managed fund. The most prominent funds in the fund family are the '''Redwood Emerging Markets Dividend Fund'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Fund Quote: Redwood Emerging Mkts Div In A|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/funds-and-etfs/funds/summary/?id=83006|publisher=Globe &amp;amp; Mail|accessdate=22 May 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, the '''Redwood Unconstrained Bond Class'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Fund Quote: Redwood Unconstrained Bond A|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/funds-and-etfs/funds/summary/?id=97103|publisher=Globe &amp;amp; Mail|accessdate=22 May 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and the '''Redwood Equity Growth Class'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Fund Quote: Redwood Equity Growth Cl A|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/funds-and-etfs/funds/summary/?id=74245|publisher=Globe &amp;amp; Mail|accessdate=22 May 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. The '''Redwood Emerging Markets Dividend Fund''', launched in 2010 is said to be the first Canadian fund aimed at emerging market dividends&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Redwood Announces Launch of Emerging Markets Dividend Income Fund|url=http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/redwood-announces-launch-of-emerging-markets-dividend-income-fund-1351185.htm|publisher=Market Wired|accessdate=22 May 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Managers==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Redwood works with a variety of investment management firms includes LDIC Inc., Reams Asset Management Co. LLC, Somerset Capital Management LLP, and StoneCastle Investment Management Inc. that handle their various funds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Quality Managers|url=http://www.redwoodasset.com/quality_managers.html|publisher=Redwood Asset Management Inc.|accessdate=21 May 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Col-begin}}{{Col-break}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[List of mutual fund companies in Canada]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{Col-end}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.redwoodasset.com/ Official website]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.ldic.ca/ LDIC Inc. ]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://stonecastlefunds.ca/ StoneCastle Investment Management Inc.]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.reamsasset.com/ Reams Asset Management Co. LLP]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://somersetcm.com/ Somerset Capital Management LLP]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Redwood_Asset_Management&amp;diff=463139</id>
		<title>Directory:Redwood Asset Management</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Redwood_Asset_Management&amp;diff=463139"/>
		<updated>2014-05-22T20:05:54Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox company new&lt;br /&gt;
| name             = Redwood Asset Management Inc.&lt;br /&gt;
| logo             = &lt;br /&gt;
| type             = &lt;br /&gt;
| traded_as        = &lt;br /&gt;
| industry         = Financial Services&lt;br /&gt;
| foundation       = Toronto, Canada ({{Start date|2002|}})&lt;br /&gt;
| location_city    = Toronto&lt;br /&gt;
| location_country = Canada&lt;br /&gt;
| key_people       = Jonathan Clapham (CEO), Peter J. Shippen (President &amp;amp; CFO)&lt;br /&gt;
| products         = Mutual Funds&lt;br /&gt;
| revenue          = &lt;br /&gt;
| aum              = 280 million&lt;br /&gt;
| assets           = &lt;br /&gt;
| equity           = &lt;br /&gt;
| homepage         = {{URL|http://www.redwoodasset.com/}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Redwood Asset Management''' Inc. is a privately-owned [[Toronto]]-based investment fund manager that distributes a number of mutual and hedge funds. Redwood is a boutique [[investment]] firm that takes on a sub-advisory model to manage the assets of all of their mutual funds. It invests in public equity and fixed income markets.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Capital Markets: Company Overview of Redwood Asset Management Inc.|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=9587352|publisher=Bloomberg Businessweek|accessdate=22 May 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It currently has 280 million [[assets under management]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Redwood was founded 2002, but assumed its present form in 2009 with the merger of two Canadian [[mutual fund]] companies Ark Funds and Redwood. There were no changes made to the firms' funds or sub-advisors which included : Aston Hill Financial, Lawrence Decter Investment Counsel, SciVest Capital Management, NorthRoad Capital Management and Sentry Select Capital.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=Redwood Asset Management, Ark Funds to Merge|url=http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/redwood-asset-management-ark-funds-to-merge-1041450.htm|accessdate=21 May 2014|newspaper=Market Wired|date=8 September 2009}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; As of 2010, Redwood teamed with [[CIBC Mellon]] Global Securities Services Company who provides asset services for a number of the company's funds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Redwood Asset Management chooses CIBC Mellon to deliver asset servicing support|url=https://www.cibcmellon.com/Contents/en_CA/English/NewsRoom/BulletinsReleases/2010/PR20100422.html|publisher=CIBC Mellon|accessdate=22 May 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 2013, Redwood was released from the responsibility of the Clearpoint Global Dividend Fund, the management of this fund was transferred from Redwood to Caldwell Investment Management.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=IN THE MATTER OF REDWOOD ASSET MANAGEMENT INC. AND CALDWELL INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT LTD AND REDWOOD GLOBAL HIGH DIVIDEND FUND|url=http://www.osc.gov.on.ca/en/SecuritiesLaw_ord_20130725_216_redwood-asset.htm|publisher=Ontario Securities Commission|accessdate=22 May 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Mutual funds==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Redwood Asset Management currently has five income funds, three octane funds and one advisor managed fund. The most prominent funds in the fund family are the '''Redwood Emerging Markets Dividend Fund'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Fund Quote: Redwood Emerging Mkts Div In A|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/funds-and-etfs/funds/summary/?id=83006|publisher=Globe &amp;amp; Mail|accessdate=22 May 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, the '''Redwood Unconstrained Bond Class'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Fund Quote: Redwood Unconstrained Bond A|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/funds-and-etfs/funds/summary/?id=97103|publisher=Globe &amp;amp; Mail|accessdate=22 May 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and the '''Redwood Equity Growth Class'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Fund Quote: Redwood Equity Growth Cl A|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/funds-and-etfs/funds/summary/?id=74245|publisher=Globe &amp;amp; Mail|accessdate=22 May 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. The '''Redwood Emerging Markets Dividend Fund''', launched in 2010 is said to be the first Canadian fund aimed at emerging market dividends&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Redwood Announces Launch of Emerging Markets Dividend Income Fund|url=http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/redwood-announces-launch-of-emerging-markets-dividend-income-fund-1351185.htm|publisher=Market Wired|accessdate=22 May 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Managers==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Redwood works with a variety of investment management firms includes LDIC Inc., Reams Asset Management Co. LLC, Somerset Capital Management LLP, and StoneCastle Investment Management Inc. that handle their various funds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Quality Managers|url=http://www.redwoodasset.com/quality_managers.html|publisher=Redwood Asset Management Inc.|accessdate=21 May 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Col-begin}}{{Col-break}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[List of mutual fund companies in Canada]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{Col-end}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.redwoodasset.com/ Official website]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.ldic.ca/ LDIC Inc. ]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://stonecastlefunds.ca/ StoneCastle Investment Management Inc.]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.reamsasset.com/ Reams Asset Management Co. LLP]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://somersetcm.com/ Somerset Capital Management LLP]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Template:Infobox&amp;diff=463138</id>
		<title>Template:Infobox</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Template:Infobox&amp;diff=463138"/>
		<updated>2014-05-22T20:05:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Created page with &amp;quot;{{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;  {{documentation}} &amp;lt;!-- Categories go in the /doc subpage, and interwikis go in Wikidata. --&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/noinclude&amp;gt;&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{documentation}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Categories go in the /doc subpage, and interwikis go in Wikidata. --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_company_new&amp;diff=463137</id>
		<title>Template:Infobox company new</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_company_new&amp;diff=463137"/>
		<updated>2014-05-22T20:04:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Created page with &amp;quot;{{infobox | bodyclass  = vcard | bodystyle  = {{{bodystyle|}}} | titleclass = fn org | title      = {{{name|{{{company_name|&amp;lt;includeonly&amp;gt;{{PAGENAME}}&amp;lt;/includeonly&amp;gt;}}}}}} | ima...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
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}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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{{documentation}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Template:URL&amp;diff=463134</id>
		<title>Template:URL</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Template:URL&amp;diff=463134"/>
		<updated>2014-05-22T18:45:55Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Created page with &amp;quot;&amp;lt;includeonly&amp;gt;{{#invoke:URL|url|1={{{1|}}}|2={{{2|}}}}}&amp;lt;/includeonly&amp;gt;&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;{{documentation}}&amp;lt;/noinclude&amp;gt;&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;includeonly&amp;gt;{{#invoke:URL|url|1={{{1|}}}|2={{{2|}}}}}&amp;lt;/includeonly&amp;gt;&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;{{documentation}}&amp;lt;/noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Template:Start_date&amp;diff=463133</id>
		<title>Template:Start date</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Template:Start_date&amp;diff=463133"/>
		<updated>2014-05-22T18:39:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Created page with &amp;quot;&amp;lt;includeonly&amp;gt;{{#if: {{{4|}}}   |{{#if: {{{5|}}}      |{{padleft:{{{4}}}|2|0}}:{{padleft:{{{5}}}|2|0}}{{#if: {{{6|}}}                                                    |&amp;amp;#58;{...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;includeonly&amp;gt;{{#if: {{{4|}}}&lt;br /&gt;
  |{{#if: {{{5|}}}&lt;br /&gt;
     |{{padleft:{{{4}}}|2|0}}:{{padleft:{{{5}}}|2|0}}{{#if: {{{6|}}}&lt;br /&gt;
                                                   |&amp;amp;#58;{{padleft:{{{6}}}|2|0}} }},&amp;amp;#32;}} }}&amp;lt;!--ABOVE FOR TIME; BELOW FOR DATE&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;gt;{{#if: {{{1|}}}&lt;br /&gt;
     |{{#if: {{{2|}}}&lt;br /&gt;
        |{{#if: {{{3|}}}&lt;br /&gt;
           |{{#if: {{{df|}}}|{{#expr:{{{3}}}}}&amp;amp;nbsp;{{MONTHNAME|{{{2}}}}}|{{MONTHNAME|{{{2}}}}}&amp;amp;nbsp;{{#expr:{{{3}}}}},}}&amp;amp;nbsp;{{{1}}}|{{MONTHNAME|{{{2}}}}}&amp;amp;nbsp;{{{1}}}}}|{{{1}}}}}}}{{#if: {{{7|}}}&lt;br /&gt;
              |&amp;amp;#32;({{#ifeq: {{{7}}}|Z|UTC|{{{7}}}}})}}&amp;lt;!-- BELOW FOR hCalendar&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;display:none&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#160;(&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;bday dtstart published updated&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{#if: {{{1|}}}&lt;br /&gt;
  | {{{1}}}{{#if: {{{2|}}}&lt;br /&gt;
     | -{{padleft:{{{2}}}|2|0}}{{#if: {{{3|}}}&lt;br /&gt;
        | -{{padleft:{{{3}}}|2|0}} }} }}&amp;lt;!--&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;gt;{{#if: {{{4|}}}&lt;br /&gt;
     | T{{padleft:{{{4}}}|2|0}}{{#if: {{{5|}}}&lt;br /&gt;
        | &amp;amp;#58;{{padleft:{{{5}}}|2|0}}{{#if: {{{6|}}}&lt;br /&gt;
           | &amp;amp;#58;{{padleft:{{{6}}}|2|0}} }} }} }} }}{{{7|}}}&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/includeonly&amp;gt;&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{documentation}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_VII/Tractatus_i&amp;diff=142139</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Albertus Magnus: Commentary on the Metaphysics/Book VII/Tractatus i</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_VII/Tractatus_i&amp;diff=142139"/>
		<updated>2011-09-13T20:53:09Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with '[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_VII/Tractatus_i link]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_VII/Tractatus_i link]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_VI/Tractatus_iii&amp;diff=142138</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Albertus Magnus: Commentary on the Metaphysics/Book VI/Tractatus iii</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_VI/Tractatus_iii&amp;diff=142138"/>
		<updated>2011-09-13T20:51:37Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with '[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_VI/Tractatus_iii link]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_VI/Tractatus_iii link]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_VI/Tractatus_ii&amp;diff=142137</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Albertus Magnus: Commentary on the Metaphysics/Book VI/Tractatus ii</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_VI/Tractatus_ii&amp;diff=142137"/>
		<updated>2011-09-13T20:50:50Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with '[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_VI/Tractatus_ii link]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_VI/Tractatus_ii link]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_VI/Tractatus_i&amp;diff=142136</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Albertus Magnus: Commentary on the Metaphysics/Book VI/Tractatus i</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_VI/Tractatus_i&amp;diff=142136"/>
		<updated>2011-09-13T20:50:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with '[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_VI/Tractatus_i link]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_VI/Tractatus_i link]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_V/Tractatus_vi&amp;diff=142135</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Albertus Magnus: Commentary on the Metaphysics/Book V/Tractatus vi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_V/Tractatus_vi&amp;diff=142135"/>
		<updated>2011-09-13T20:48:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with '[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_V/Tractatus_vi link]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_V/Tractatus_vi link]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_V/Tractatus_v&amp;diff=142134</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Albertus Magnus: Commentary on the Metaphysics/Book V/Tractatus v</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_V/Tractatus_v&amp;diff=142134"/>
		<updated>2011-09-13T20:47:26Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with '[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_V/Tractatus_v link]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_V/Tractatus_v link]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_V/Tractatus_iv&amp;diff=142133</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Albertus Magnus: Commentary on the Metaphysics/Book V/Tractatus iv</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_V/Tractatus_iv&amp;diff=142133"/>
		<updated>2011-09-13T20:46:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with '[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_V/Tractatus_iv link]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_V/Tractatus_iv link]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_V/Tractatus_iii&amp;diff=142132</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Albertus Magnus: Commentary on the Metaphysics/Book V/Tractatus iii</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_V/Tractatus_iii&amp;diff=142132"/>
		<updated>2011-09-13T20:45:13Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with '[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_V/Tractatus_iii link]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_V/Tractatus_iii link]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_V/Tractatus_ii&amp;diff=142131</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Albertus Magnus: Commentary on the Metaphysics/Book V/Tractatus ii</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_V/Tractatus_ii&amp;diff=142131"/>
		<updated>2011-09-13T20:43:36Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with '[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_V/Tractatus_ii link]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_V/Tractatus_ii link]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_V/Tractatus_i&amp;diff=142130</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Albertus Magnus: Commentary on the Metaphysics/Book V/Tractatus i</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_V/Tractatus_i&amp;diff=142130"/>
		<updated>2011-09-13T20:42:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with '[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_V/Tractatus_i link]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_V/Tractatus_i link]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_IV/Tractatus_iv&amp;diff=142129</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Albertus Magnus: Commentary on the Metaphysics/Book IV/Tractatus iv</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_IV/Tractatus_iv&amp;diff=142129"/>
		<updated>2011-09-13T20:41:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with '[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_IV/Tractatus_iv link]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_IV/Tractatus_iv link]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_IV/Tractatus_iii&amp;diff=142128</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Albertus Magnus: Commentary on the Metaphysics/Book IV/Tractatus iii</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_IV/Tractatus_iii&amp;diff=142128"/>
		<updated>2011-09-13T20:40:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with '[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_IV/Tractatus_iii link]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_IV/Tractatus_iii link]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_IV/Tractatus_ii&amp;diff=142127</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Albertus Magnus: Commentary on the Metaphysics/Book IV/Tractatus ii</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_IV/Tractatus_ii&amp;diff=142127"/>
		<updated>2011-09-13T20:39:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_IV/Tractatus_ii link]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_IV/Tractatus_ii&amp;diff=142126</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Albertus Magnus: Commentary on the Metaphysics/Book IV/Tractatus ii</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_IV/Tractatus_ii&amp;diff=142126"/>
		<updated>2011-09-13T20:38:54Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Blanked the page&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_IV/Tractatus_i&amp;diff=142125</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Albertus Magnus: Commentary on the Metaphysics/Book IV/Tractatus i</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_IV/Tractatus_i&amp;diff=142125"/>
		<updated>2011-09-13T20:38:36Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with '[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_IV/Tractatus_i link]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_IV/Tractatus_i link]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_III/Tractatus_iii&amp;diff=142124</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Albertus Magnus: Commentary on the Metaphysics/Book III/Tractatus iii</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_III/Tractatus_iii&amp;diff=142124"/>
		<updated>2011-09-13T20:36:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with '[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_III/Tractatus_iii link]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_III/Tractatus_iii link]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_III/Tractatus_ii&amp;diff=142123</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Albertus Magnus: Commentary on the Metaphysics/Book III/Tractatus ii</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_III/Tractatus_ii&amp;diff=142123"/>
		<updated>2011-09-13T20:36:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with '[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_III/Tractatus_ii link]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_III/Tractatus_ii link]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_III/Tractatus_i&amp;diff=142122</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Albertus Magnus: Commentary on the Metaphysics/Book III/Tractatus i</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_III/Tractatus_i&amp;diff=142122"/>
		<updated>2011-09-13T20:35:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with '[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_III/Tractatus_i link]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_III/Tractatus_i link]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_II/Tractatus_i&amp;diff=142121</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Albertus Magnus: Commentary on the Metaphysics/Book II/Tractatus i</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_II/Tractatus_i&amp;diff=142121"/>
		<updated>2011-09-13T20:33:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with '[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_II/Tractatus_i link]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_II/Tractatus_i link]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_I/Tractatus_v&amp;diff=142120</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Albertus Magnus: Commentary on the Metaphysics/Book I/Tractatus v</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_I/Tractatus_v&amp;diff=142120"/>
		<updated>2011-09-13T20:31:17Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with '[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_I/Tractatus_v link]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_I/Tractatus_v link]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_I/Tractatus_iv&amp;diff=142119</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Albertus Magnus: Commentary on the Metaphysics/Book I/Tractatus iv</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_I/Tractatus_iv&amp;diff=142119"/>
		<updated>2011-09-13T20:30:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with '[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_I/Tractatus_iv link]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_I/Tractatus_iv link]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_I/Tractatus_iii&amp;diff=142118</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Albertus Magnus: Commentary on the Metaphysics/Book I/Tractatus iii</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_I/Tractatus_iii&amp;diff=142118"/>
		<updated>2011-09-13T20:29:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with '[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_I/Tractatus_iii link]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_I/Tractatus_iii link]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_I/Tractatus_ii&amp;diff=142117</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Albertus Magnus: Commentary on the Metaphysics/Book I/Tractatus ii</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_I/Tractatus_ii&amp;diff=142117"/>
		<updated>2011-09-13T20:27:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with '[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_I/Tractatus_ii link]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_I/Tractatus_ii link]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_I/Tractatus_i&amp;diff=142116</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Albertus Magnus: Commentary on the Metaphysics/Book I/Tractatus i</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Albertus_Magnus:_Commentary_on_the_Metaphysics/Book_I/Tractatus_i&amp;diff=142116"/>
		<updated>2011-09-13T20:26:50Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with '[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_I/Tractatus_i link]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Albertus_Magnus/Commentary_on_Metaphysics/Book_I/Tractatus_i link]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Medieval_Philosophy_and_Theology&amp;diff=141990</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Medieval Philosophy and Theology</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Medieval_Philosophy_and_Theology&amp;diff=141990"/>
		<updated>2011-09-08T20:20:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with 'Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Medieval_Philosophy_and_Theology here]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Medieval_Philosophy_and_Theology here]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Boethius%27_Translation_of_the_Perihermenias&amp;diff=141989</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Boethius' Translation of the Perihermenias</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Boethius%27_Translation_of_the_Perihermenias&amp;diff=141989"/>
		<updated>2011-09-08T20:18:17Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with 'Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/opposition/perihermaneias.htm here]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/opposition/perihermaneias.htm here]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_(Ockham)&amp;diff=141988</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae (Ockham)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_(Ockham)&amp;diff=141988"/>
		<updated>2011-09-08T20:15:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae III-I 1-4|Summa Logicae III-I 1-4]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae III-I 5-8|Summa Logicae III-I 5-8]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae III-I 9-16|Summa Logicae III-I 9-16]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae III-I 17-19|Summa Logicae III-I 17-19]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae III-I 20-25|Summa Logicae III-I 20-25]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae III-I 26-30|Summa Logicae III-I 26-30]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae III-I 31-33|Summa Logicae III-I 31-33]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae III-I 34-40|Summa Logicae III-I 34-40]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae III-I 41-43|Summa Logicae III-I 41-43]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae III-I 44-49|Summa Logicae III-I 44-49]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae III-I 50-57|Summa Logicae III-I 50-57]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae III-I 58-68|Summa Logicae III-I 58-68]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_III-I_58-68&amp;diff=141987</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae III-I 58-68</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_III-I_58-68&amp;diff=141987"/>
		<updated>2011-09-08T20:15:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with 'Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Ockham/Summa_Logicae/Book_III-1 here]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Ockham/Summa_Logicae/Book_III-1 here]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_III-I_50-57&amp;diff=141986</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae III-I 50-57</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_III-I_50-57&amp;diff=141986"/>
		<updated>2011-09-08T20:14:37Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with 'Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Ockham/Summa_Logicae/Book_III-1 here]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Ockham/Summa_Logicae/Book_III-1 here]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_III-I_44-49&amp;diff=141985</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae III-I 44-49</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_III-I_44-49&amp;diff=141985"/>
		<updated>2011-09-08T20:14:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with 'Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Ockham/Summa_Logicae/Book_III-1 here]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Ockham/Summa_Logicae/Book_III-1 here]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_III-I_41-43&amp;diff=141984</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae III-I 41-43</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_III-I_41-43&amp;diff=141984"/>
		<updated>2011-09-08T20:13:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with 'Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Ockham/Summa_Logicae/Book_III-1 here]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Ockham/Summa_Logicae/Book_III-1 here]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_III-I_34-40&amp;diff=141983</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae III-I 34-40</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_III-I_34-40&amp;diff=141983"/>
		<updated>2011-09-08T20:13:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with 'Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Ockham/Summa_Logicae/Book_III-1 here]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Ockham/Summa_Logicae/Book_III-1 here]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_III-I_31-33&amp;diff=141982</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae III-I 31-33</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_III-I_31-33&amp;diff=141982"/>
		<updated>2011-09-08T20:12:49Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with 'Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Ockham/Summa_Logicae/Book_III-1 here]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Ockham/Summa_Logicae/Book_III-1 here]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_III-I_26-30&amp;diff=141981</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae III-I 26-30</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_III-I_26-30&amp;diff=141981"/>
		<updated>2011-09-08T20:11:58Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with 'Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Ockham/Summa_Logicae/Book_III-1 here]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Ockham/Summa_Logicae/Book_III-1 here]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_III-I_20-25&amp;diff=141980</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae III-I 20-25</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_III-I_20-25&amp;diff=141980"/>
		<updated>2011-09-08T20:11:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with 'Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Ockham/Summa_Logicae/Book_III-1 here]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Ockham/Summa_Logicae/Book_III-1 here]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_III-I_17-19&amp;diff=141979</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae III-I 17-19</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_III-I_17-19&amp;diff=141979"/>
		<updated>2011-09-08T20:10:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with 'Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Ockham/Summa_Logicae/Book_III-1 here]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Ockham/Summa_Logicae/Book_III-1 here]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_III-I_9-16&amp;diff=141978</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae III-I 9-16</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_III-I_9-16&amp;diff=141978"/>
		<updated>2011-09-08T20:10:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with 'Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Ockham/Summa_Logicae/Book_III-1 here]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Ockham/Summa_Logicae/Book_III-1 here]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_III-I_5-8&amp;diff=141977</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae III-I 5-8</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_III-I_5-8&amp;diff=141977"/>
		<updated>2011-09-08T20:10:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with 'Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Ockham/Summa_Logicae/Book_III-1 here]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Ockham/Summa_Logicae/Book_III-1 here]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_III-I_1-4&amp;diff=141976</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae III-I 1-4</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_III-I_1-4&amp;diff=141976"/>
		<updated>2011-09-08T20:09:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Replaced content with 'Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Ockham/Summa_Logicae/Book_III-1 here]'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Now moved [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Ockham/Summa_Logicae/Book_III-1 here]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_III-I_1-4&amp;diff=137059</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae III-I 1-4</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_III-I_1-4&amp;diff=137059"/>
		<updated>2011-05-27T06:15:09Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Spelling correction&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''[[Directory:Logic Museum/Summa Logicae (Ockham)|Summa Logicae]] III 1-4'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Cap. 1 De divisionibus et definitionibus syllogismorum==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Completis primis duobus tractatibus, nunc ad tertium tractatum, de argumentis videlicet, est accedendum. Et quia inter omnes species argumentorum syllogismus obtinet principatum, ideo de syllogismo est primo dicendum. Praemittendae autem sunt quaedam distinctiones ad propositum necessariae. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unde sciendum est quod syllogismus aliquando accipitur pro uno communi omni syllogismo, ita quod in propositione supponat pro uno communi et non pro aliquo significato. Et sic accipiendo syllogismum haec est falsa 'syllogismus est oratio' etc., et haec similiter 'syllogismus componitur ex tribus terminis' etc. Aliquando autem accipitur syllogismus significative pro oratione, 'in qua quibusdam positis' etc. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Secunda distinctio est quod syllogismorum quidam sunt demonstrativi, quidam topici, quidam nec topici nec demonstrativi. Syllogismus demonstrativus est ille in quo ex propositionibus necessariis evidenter notis potest adquiri prima notitia conclusionis. &lt;br /&gt;
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Syllogismus topicus est syllogismus ex probabilibus. Et sunt &amp;quot;probabilia quae videntur vel omnibus vel pluribus vel sapientibus, et de his quae videntur vel omnibus vel pluribus vel maxime sapientibus&amp;quot;. Et est ista descriptio sic intelligenda quod probabilia sunt illa, quae cum sint vera et necessaria, non tamen per se nota, nec ex per se notis syllogizabilia, nec etiam per experientiam evidenter nota, nec ex talibus sequentia; tamen propter sui veritatem videntur esse vera omnibus vel pluribus etc., ut sic brevis descriptio sit ista: probabilia sunt necessaria, nec principia nec conclusiones demonstrationis, quae propter sui veritatem videntur omnibus vel pluribus etc. Per primam particulam excluduntur omnia contingentia et omnia falsa; per secundam omnia principia et conclusiones demonstrationis; per tertiam excluduntur quaedam necessaria, quae tamen omnibus apparent falsa vel pluribus etc. Et sic articuli fidei nec sunt principia demonstrationis nec conclusiones, nec sunt probabiles, quia omnibus vel pluribus vel maxime sapientibus apparent falsi. Et hoc accipiendo sapientes pro sapientibus mundi et praecise innitentibus rationi naturali, quia illo modo accipitur 'sapiens' in descriptione probabilis. &lt;br /&gt;
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Ex istis sequitur quod syllogismus topicus nec peccat in materia nec in forma. Sequitur etiam aliud, quod nullus secundum communem cursum potest evidenter et demonstrative cognoscere de aliquo syllogismo topico ipsum esse topicum, quamvis possit habere fidem quod est syllogismus topicus. Sequitur etiam aliud, quod non omnis syllogismus topicus facit semper praecise dubitationem et formidinem, sed etiam frequenter facit firmam fidem, sine omni dubitatione, quia ita aliquando adhaeremus probabilibus sicut evidenter notis. &lt;br /&gt;
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Syllogismus qui nec est demonstrativus nec topicus potest dividi, quia quidam est ex improbabilibus, quidam non ex improbabilibus. Similiter, quidam syllogismus peccat in materia, quidam non peccat in materia. &lt;br /&gt;
Alia distinctio. quidam est syllogismus uniformis, quidam mixtus. Et uniformis quidam est uniformis ex propositionibus de inesse, quidam ex propositionibus modalibus. Et isti sunt diversi, [secundum quod diversitas invenitur in propositionibus modalibus]. &lt;br /&gt;
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Mixtus syllogismus quidam est mixtus ex necessario et inesse, quidam ex necessario et contingenti. Et sic de aliis, de quibus omnibus dicetur inferius. Similiter, syllogismus uniformis ex propositionibus de inesse quidam est uniformis ex propositionibus de praesenti, quidam ex omnibus de praeterito, quidam ex omnibus de fututo, quidam ex una de praesenti et alia de praeterito vel de futuro. &lt;br /&gt;
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Sciendum est tamen quod definitio communis omnibus praedictis est ista: Syllogismus est oratio in qua ex duabus praemissis, dispositis in modo et in figura, de necessitate sequitur conciusio. Et ad istam definitionem nihil refert an praemissae sint verae vel falsae. &lt;br /&gt;
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Hoc tamen est generale quod numquam praemissae sunt verae et conclusio falsa, quamvis possit esse e converso. Unde in tota parte sequenti, usque ad partem in qua tractabitur de syllogismo demonstrativo, vel semper vel frequenter volo loqui de conditionibus syllogismi requirentis particulas praedictae definitionis, et non amplius. &lt;br /&gt;
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==Cap. 2 De quibusdam praeambulis quae praemittenda sunt antequam descendatur ad propositum==&lt;br /&gt;
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Positis divisionibus et distinctionibus syllogismi, de quibusdam dividentibus in speciali est dicendum. Et primo de uniformi generatione syllogismorum de inesse, secundo de uniformi modalium, et tertio de mixtis. &lt;br /&gt;
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Circa primum primo est dicendum de syllogismis ex omnibus de inesse et de praesenti, secundo de aliis. Sed antequam accedatur ad propositum, videnda sunt quaedam praeambula. &lt;br /&gt;
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Primum est quod tantum sunt duae praemissae categoricae ponendae in syllogismo et conclusio; et tantum tres termini, scilicet maior extremitas et minor et medium. Est autem medium quod ponitur in utraque praemissa; maior extremitas est quae cum medio termino ponitur in maiori; minor extremitas quae ponitur cum medio in minori propositione, hoc est in secunda propositione. &lt;br /&gt;
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Secundum est quod tantum sunt tres figurae. Prima est in qua medius terminus subicitur in prima propositione et praedicatur in secunda. Secunda figura est quando medius terminus praedicatur in utraque. Tertia figura est quando medius terminus subicitur in utraque. Non est apponenda quarta figura, quia si medius terminus praedicetur in prima propositione et subiciatur in secunda, non erit nisi transpositio propositionum positarum in prima figura, et ideo non sequitur alia conclusio quam illa quae sequitur ex praemissis dispositis in prima figura. Et ideo non est negandum quin possit argui ex duabus praemissis in quarum prima medius terminus praedicetur et in secunda subiciatur, sed illa conclusio quae primo sequitur ex illis praemissis erit eadem quae sequitur ex eisdem praemissis dispositis in prima figura. Si enim arguatur sic 'omnis homo est animal; omne animal est substantia', conclusio quae primo sequitur est ista 'igitur omnis homo est substantia'. Et ista sequitur ex praemissis eisdem, dispositis in prima figura, sic 'omne animal est substantia omnis homo est animal; igitur omnis homo est substantia'. &lt;br /&gt;
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Tertium praeambulum est quod omnis syllogismus, immediate vel mediate, regulatur per dici de omni vel per dici de nullo. Syllogismi enim in prima figura regulantur immediate per dici de omni vel per dici de nullo. Syllogismi autem secundae et tertiae figurae reducuntur in syllogismos primae figurae, vel per conversionem vel per impossibile vel per transpositionem propositionum, et ideo mediate regulantur per dici de omni vel per dici de nullo. Et quandocumque sic est quod aliquis discursus regulatur per dici de omni vel per dici de nullo, sive mediate sive immediate, ille discursus est bonus. &lt;br /&gt;
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Est autem dici de omni quando nihil est sumere sub subiecto, quin de eo dicatur praedicatum,. Quod est sic intelligendum: non quod praedicatum conveniat cuilibet de quo dicitur subiectum, -- tunc enim non esset dici de omni nisi in propositionibus veris --, sed sufficit quod per talem propositionem denotetur quod nihil sit sumere sub subiecto, quin de eo dicatur praedicatum. Et hoc denotatur per omnem propositionem universalem affirmativam. Dici de nullo est quando per eam denotatur quod de quocumque dicitur subiectum, quod ab eo removetur praedicatum. Et hoc denotatur per omnem propositionem universalem negativam, sive sit vera sive falsa. &lt;br /&gt;
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==Cap. 3 De syllogismis factis in prima figura==&lt;br /&gt;
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Istis visis videndum est primo de syllogismo primae figurae. Et est primo sciendum quod, cum dictum sit omnes syliogismos primae figurae regulari immediate per dici de omni vel per dici de nullo, oportet circa modos primae figurae servare duo principia. &lt;br /&gt;
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Primum est quod maior sit propositio universalis. Si enim maior esset particularis, patet manifeste quod talis discursus non posset regulari per dici de omni nec per dici de nullo. Tunc enim aliquis syllogismus regulatur per dici de omni quando per primam propositionem denotatur de omni illo de quo dicitur subiectum here dici praedicatuni, et per secundanl propositionem denotatur subiectum primae propositionis vere dici de aliquo assumpto. Sicut per istam propositionem 'omnis homo est animal' denotatur quod de quocumque dicitur 'homo' de eodem dicitur 'animal'; per istam autem secundam 'Sortes est homo' denotatur quod 'homo', qui fuit subiectum primae propositionis, vere dicitur de Sorte; propter quod evidenter sequitur quod hoc praedicatum 'animal' vere dicitur de Sorte. Et ideo iste syllogismus est regulatus per dici de omni 'omnis homo est animal; Sortes est homo; igitur Sortes est animal'. &lt;br /&gt;
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Et eodem modo, proportionaliter, dicendum est de syllogismo regulato per dici de nullo. Sed nihil tale potest denotari per propositionem particularem, igitur numquam propositio particularis potest esse maior in prima figura. &lt;br /&gt;
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Ex eodem patet quod minor semper debet esse affirmativa, quia semper per mniorem debet denotari quod illud quod in prima proposi tione fuit subiectum vere praedicatur de aliquo determinato assumpto, quod non potest esse nisi per propositionem affirmativam. &lt;br /&gt;
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Ex praedictis sequitur quod in prima figura sunt tantum quatuor modi in quibus fiunt utties coniugationes. Nam combinando duas pro positiones per universalem et Particularem, per affirmativam et negati uam, sexdecim erunt combinationes, quarum duodecim peccabunt con tra praedicta principia. Quod patet sic. si sint duae propositiones, aut utraque est universalis aut utraque particularis, aut una universalis et alia particularis. Si autem utraque sit universalis, aut utraque est affirma tiva aut utraque negativa, aut una affirmativa et alia negativa. Si utraque sit affirmativa, sic est primus modus et utilis, si utraque sit negativa, sic est alia coniugatio et est inutilis, quia habet minorem negativam. Si una sit affirmativa et alia negativa, aut maior est negativa et minor affirma tiva, vel e converso; si primo modo, habetur tertia coniugatio, et est utilis; si e converso, est quarta et inutilis, quia habet minorem negativam. &lt;br /&gt;
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Si utraque sit propositio particularis, sic fiunt quatuor combinationes per affirmativam et negativam, sicut prius, sed omnes erunt inutiles, quia omnes habebunt maiorem particularem. &lt;br /&gt;
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Si autem una sit universalis et alia particularis, aut maior est universalis et minor particularis, aut e converso. Si primo modo, aut utraque est affirmativa et habetur nona coniugatio et utilis, aut utraque negativa, et est decima coniugatio et inutilis, quia minor est negativa. Aut una est affirmativa et alia negativa, et tunc est aut maior affirmativa et minor negativa, et est undecima coniugatio et inutilis, quia minor est negativa; aut maior est negativa et minor affirmativa, et est duodecima coniugatio et utilis. Si autem maior sit particularis et minor universalis, sic fiunt quatuor combinationes per affirmativam et negativam, sed omnes erunt inutiles, quia quaelibet illarum habet maiorem particularem. &lt;br /&gt;
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Ex quibus omnibus manifeste patet quod tantum sunt quatuor modi utilium coniugationum, scilicet primus et tertius et nonus et duodecimus. Duodecim vero alii sunt inutiles, quia soli quatuor possunt regulari per dici de omni vel per dici de nullo; aii non possunt, quia semper habent maiorem particularem vel minorem negativam, quorum utrumque repugnat syllogismo regulato per dici de omni vel per dici de nullo. &lt;br /&gt;
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==Cap. 4 In quo probantur praedicta in praecedenti capitulo==&lt;br /&gt;
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Ista narrata non possunt probari nisi per modum quo probat Aristoteles ea, probando scibando quod quatuor modi sunt utiles, per hoc quod non contingit inferre instantiam. Unde servando talem modum arguendi ex duabus universalibus affirmativis 'omnis homo est animal, omne risibile est homo, igitur omne risibile est animal' impossibile est invenire instantiam ubi praemissae sunt verae et conclusio falsa. Similiter est sic arguendo 'nullus homo est asinus; omne risibile est homo; igitur nullum risibile est asinus'. Similiter sic arguendo 'omnis homo est animal; aliquod corpus est homo; igitur aliquod corpus est animal'. Similiter sic arguendo 'nullus homo est asinus; aliquod animal est homo; igitur aliquod animal non est asinus'. &lt;br /&gt;
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Alii autem modi sunt inutiles, quia contingit invenire praemissas taliter dispositas esse veras et conclusionem falsam. Unde quando utraque est universalis et negativa, patet instantia, sic arguendo 'nullus homo est animal irrationale; nullus asinus est homo; igitur nullus asinus est animal irrationale'. Praemissae sunt verae et conclusio falsa. Eodem modo est de aliis, quod praemissae possunt esse verae conclusione exsistente falsa, sicut patet discurrendo, et ideo non valent. &lt;br /&gt;
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Et est hic advertendum quod ad probandum coniugationem inutilem vel modum inutilem non oportet invenire instantiam in terminis substantialibus, sicut aliqui errantes dicunt, sed sufficit invenire instantiam in quibuscumque terminis, sive substantialibus sive accidentalibus sive quibuscumque. Unde et Aristoteles frequenter per tales terminos instat in libro Priorum, sicut manifeste patet ibidem. Et ideo quatuor modi primae figurae tenent in omnibus terminis, nec refert utrum sumatur sub terminus substantialis vel accidentialis, quale quid vel hoc ahquid, sive quantum sive ad aliquid, sive quale sive quodcumque aliud, dummodo per primam propositionem denotetur praedicatum vere dici vel removeri ab omni illo de quo dicitur subiectum et per secundam propositionem denotetur illud quod prius fuit subiectum non aequivoce acceptum dici de assumpto, et postea in conclusione concludatur illud quod fuit praedicatum in prima dici vel removeri de illo praecise quod fuit subiectum in secunda propositione. &lt;br /&gt;
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Ex isto sequitur quod tales sillogismi sunt boni 'omne coloratum est; omne album est coloratum; ergo omne album est'; 'omne animal est homo; omnis asinus est animal; ergo omnis asinus est homo'. Et ideo errat Magister Abstractionum assignando in praedictis syllogismis fallaciam accidentis, cum isti syllogismi regulentur per dici de omni et sint de se evidentes. &lt;br /&gt;
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Similiter tales syllogismi sunt boni, nisi aequivocatio impediat, 'omnis homo continetur in genere substantiae; album est homo; igitur album continetur in genere substantiae'; 'nullus homo est aggregatum per accidens; homo albus est homo; igitur homo albus non est aggregatum per accidens'; 'nullus homo distinguitur ab homine; homo albus est homo; igitur homo albus non distinguitur ab homine', 'nullus homo est genus; animal est homo, ergo animal non est genus', et ceteri huiusmodi, in quibus tamen volunt aliqui moderni assignare fallaciam accidentis, nescientes naturam syllogismi nec fallaciae accidentis. &lt;br /&gt;
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Advertendum est tamen quod numquam syllogismus est regulatus per dici de omni vel per dici de nullo quando aliquis terminus aequivocus sumitur. Et ideo quia in aliquibus praedictis exemplis potest terminus accipi aequivoce in altera praemissa et in conclusione, ideo potest ibi assignari fallacia aequivocationis; et conclusione accepta in uno sensu est bonus syllogismus, et accepta in alio sensu non valebit, sed erit fallacia aequivocationis. Verbi gratia sic arguendo 'nullus homo est genus; animal est homo; igitur animal non est genus' ista conclusio 'animal non est genus' est distinguenda, eo quod li animal potest stare persolialiter sive pro suis significatis, Vel potest stare simpliciter sive pro intentione animae sive conceptu. Si primo modo, sic est bonus syllogismus, regulatus per dici de omni; si secundo modo, sic non valet, nec regulatus per dici de omni, nisi solum vocaliter, propter hoc quod 'animal' aequivoce accipitur in minore et in conclusione. &lt;br /&gt;
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Est igitur regula generalis quod quando praemissae disponuntur in modo et in figula, et propositiones sunt de praesenti, et adverbialis determinatio vel aequivalens uniformiter accipitur vel non accipitur, semper est bonus syllogismus, nisi aequivocatio impediat vel accentus vel amphibolia vel compositio et divisio vel fallacia secundum quid et simpliciter, pro insolubilibus. Et tunc in uno sensu est bonus syllogismus et in alio sensu erit fallacia aequivocationis, et sic de aliis. Unde quando est compositio et divisio vel amphibolia, in illo sensu in quo fallit discursus praemissae non disponuntur in modo et figura praedicto modo. Unde sic arguendo 'quidquid est vivens semper est; Sortes est vivens; ergo Sortes semper est', si li vivens componatur cum li semper, ut sit sensus 'quidquid est vivelis semper, est', praemissae non sunt dispositae in modo et in figura, quia in propositione prima subiectum est hoc totum 'uivens semper', sed in secunda propositione hoc totum non est praedicatum sed 'uivens' tantum, et ita non est dispositio in figura. Sed si li semper componatur cum li est, tunc praemissae sunt dispositae in modo et in figura, et sequitur ista conclusio 'igitur Sortes semper est'. &lt;br /&gt;
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Et ita ista est regula generalis quod quando praemissae sunt dispositae ill modo et in figura prima, si propositiones sunt de praesenti, sive sint acceptae cum determinationibus adverbialibus sive aequivalentibus, determinantibus compositionem sive non, dummodo illae determinationes ponantur in maiore et in conclusione et semper determinent verbum, Syllogismus est bonus et regulatus per dici de omni vel dici de nullo, nisi aequivocatio vel accentus impediat, vel alia fallacia de enumeratis. &lt;br /&gt;
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Nec aliqua alia fallacia ibi potest assignari. Et hoc est verum, qualecumque sit verbum, sive faciat propositionem modalem sive non, sive etiam determinatio adverbialis faciat propositionem modalem sive non. &lt;br /&gt;
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Propter quod omnes tales syllogismi, secundum intentionem Aristotelis, sunt boni 'omnis veniens cognoscitur a te; Coriscus est veniens; igitur Coriscus cognoscitur a te'; 'omnnis persona divina de necessitate est Deus; creans est persona divina; igitur creans de necessitate est Deus'; 'omnis homo est ens per Se; homo albus est homo; igitur homo albus est ens per se'; 'omnis homo per se est animal; album est homo; igitur album per se est animial'; 'omnis ignis est per se calefactivus; siccum est ignis; igitur siccum per se est calefactivum'; 'omnis aedificator per se aedificat; album est aedificator; igitur album per se aedificat'; 'nulla persona divina intelligitur a me; Deus est persona divina; igitur Deus lion intelligitur a me'; `omniis Deus scitur a philosophis esse immortalis; quaelibet persona divina est Deus; igitur quaelibet persona diunia scitur a philosophis esse lmmortalis'; 'omnis anima intellectiva scitur a ponentibus intellectum esse accidens esse substantia; intellectus est anima intellectiva; igitur intellectus scitur a ponentibus intellectum esse accidens esse substantia. Et multi tales syllogismi innumeri, qui negantur a modernis, sunt optimi syllogismi et regulati per dici de omni vel de nullo. &lt;br /&gt;
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Quod enim tales syllogismi sint regulati per dici de omni vel de nullo, secundum intentionem Aristotelis, patet manifeste. Nam per istam propositionem 'omnis Deus scitur a philosophis esse immortalis' denotatur quod de quocumque dicitur hoc subiectum 'Deus' quod de eodem dicitur hoc praedicatum 'scitur a philosophis esse immortalis'. Et per istam 'quaelibet persona divina est Deus' denotatur quod hoc quod fuit subiectum in prima propositione, scilicet 'Deus', dicitur de hoc subiecto 'persona divina' universaliter sumpto; igitur necessario sequitur conclusio, in qua denotatur illud quod fuit praedicatum in prima propositione dici de hoc subiecto 'persona divina', quod fuit subiectum in secunda propositione; et hoc per virtutem dici de omni. Istae enim sylogismus 'omnis homo currit; omne album est homo; igitur omne album currit' non tenet nisi quia per maiorem denotatur quod de quocumque dicitur hoc subiectum 'homo' quod de eodem dicitur hoc praedicatum 'currit'; et per minorem denotatur quod 'homo' dicitur de hoc subiecto 'album' universaliter sumpto, ideo necessario sequitur conclusio in qua denotatur hoc praedicatum 'currit' dici de hoc subiecto 'album' universaliter sumpto. Et ideo cum aequaliter inveniatur dici de omni vel dici de nullo in omnibus praedictis exemplis et consimilibus sicut invenitur in istis 'omnis homo currit; omne album est homo; igitur omne album currit'; 'nullus homo currit; omiie nigrum est homo; igitur nullum nigrum currit', aeque boni syllogismi, et regulati per dici de omni vel de nullo, erunt praedicti syllogismi et consimiles sicut isti ultimi, de quibus nullus dubitat qclin sint boni. &lt;br /&gt;
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Sic igitur praedicti syllogismi sunt boni. Et similiter tales sunt boni 'omnis natura specifica est realiter communicabilis; differentia individualis est realiter natura specifica; igitur differentia individualis est realiter communicabilis'; 'omnis differentia individualis est de se haec; natura specifica est differentia individualis; igitur natura specifica est de se haec'; 'omnis intellectus divinus est principium producendi Filium; voluntas divina est intellectus divinus; igitur voluntas divina est principium producendi Filium'. &lt;br /&gt;
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Et si dicatur quod tunc esset hic bonus syllogismus 'omnis essentia divina est Pater; Filius est essentia divina; igitur Filius est Pater'; similiter 'nullus Pater est Filius, essentia divina est Pater, igitur essentia divina non est Filius': &lt;br /&gt;
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Dicendum est quod Phi1osophus diceret tales syllogismos tenere et regulari per dici de omni vel de nullo, et hoc quia non posuit unicam rem simplicem esse plures res distinctas realiter. Sed theologi, qui ponunt -- secundum veritatem -- unam rem numero esse plures res, quia dicunt quod essentia divina simplex et indivisibilis est plures personae distinctae realiter, habent dicere quod praedicti discursus non valent, nec regulantur per dici de omni vel de nullo. Et ratio est, quia per istam omnis essentia divina est Pater' non denotatur quod de quocumque dicitur hoc subiectum 'essentia divina' quod de eodem dicatur hoc praedicatum 'Pater'. Tunc enim necessario iste syllogismus regularetur per dici de omni 'omnis essentia divina est Pater; Filius est essentia divina; igitur Filius est Pater'. Sed ista esset tunc falsa 'omnis essentia divina est Pater', sicut ista est falsa: de quocumque subiecto dicitur hoc subiectum 'essentia divina' de eodem dicitur hoc praedicatum 'Pater'. &lt;br /&gt;
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Sed per istam 'omnis essentia divina est Pater' denotatur quod omne illud quod est omnis res absoluta et relativa quae est essentia, est Pater. Et hoc est verum; sed tunc, si uniformiter acciperetur minor, ipsa esset falsa. Tunc enim per istam 'Filius est essentia divina' denotaretur quod Filius esset quaelibet res respectiva quae est essentia divina. Quod falsum est, quia non est Pater, et tamn essentia divina est Pater. Et sicut dictum est de isto syllogismo affirmativo, ita proportionaliter dicendum est de syllogismo negativo adducto. &lt;br /&gt;
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Talis igitur modus arguendi numquam fallit nisi quando accipitur terminus qui importat aliquam rem unicam numero, quae tarmen est plures res numero, et accipitur alia res, de qua et una alia vere dicitur quod illa unica est illae duae res. Sed istum defectum non contingit in aliis assignare, sicut manifeste patet. Unde hic non est talis defectus 'omnis Deus cognoscitur a philosophis esse immortalis; quaelibet persona diunia est Deus; igitur quaelibet persona divina cognoscitur a philosophis esse immortalis'. Nam per istam 'omnis Deus cognoscitur a philosophis esse immortalis' denotatur quod de quocumque dicitur hoc subiectum Deus quod de eodem dicitur hoc praedicatum 'cognoscitur a philosophis esse immortalis', et ideo necessario praedictus syllogismus erit regulatus per dici de omni, secundum viam Aristotelis. &lt;br /&gt;
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Et si dicatur quod secundum ista phi1osophi cognovissent tres personas esse in divinis, dicendum quod philosophi non cognoverunt tres personas esse in divinis, quia ad notitiam istius propositionis 'tres personae sunt in divinis' nullo modo poterant devenire, tamen de illo quod est tres personae poterant scire quod ip sum est immortale. Et huiusmodi multa. Et propter hoc potest ista verificari 'qualibet persona divina scitur a philosophis esse immortalis', quia per istam propositionem non denotatur quod haec propositio sit scita a philosophis 'quaelibet persona divina est immortalis'. lsta enim propositio nullo modo potest sciri evidenter ex puris naturalibus, quia nec ista potest sciri ex puris naturalibus 'aliqua persona est Deus', accipiendo 'personam' sicut theologi accipiunt. Sed per istam 'quaelibet persona divina scitur a philosophis esse immortalis' denotatur quod de quolibet, quod est persona divina, scitur quod est immortale. &lt;br /&gt;
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Et si dicatur quod tunc haec esset vera 'de Patre scitur a philosophis quod est immortalis', et per consequens philosophi sciverunt quod Pater est immortalis, dicendum quod haec est vera 'de Patre scitur a philosophis quod est immortalis', quia per istam non denotatur quod haec fuerit scita a philosophis 'pater est immortalis', quia nec istam nec aliquam consimilem poterant scire, sed per istam denotatur quod de aliquo, qui est Pater, fuit scitum a philosophis quod est immortalis, hoc est de Deo fuit scitum ipsum esse immortalem, et ipse est Pater, non tamen fuit scitum a philosophis ipsum esse Patrem. Unde ista est vera 'Pater scitur a philosophis esse Deus', et tamen haec non est vera 'Deus scitur a philosophis esse Pater'. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Quod autem ista stent simul 'quaelibet persona divina scitur a philosophis esse immortalis' et tamen quod haec non est scita a philosophis 'quaelibet persona divina est immortalis' potest declarari per exempla. Sit primum istud: sit ita quod ista nomina sint synonyma simpliciter 'gladius'et'ensis', et tamen quod Sortes hoc ignoret, sed sciat significa- tionem, istius nominis 'gladius' et nesciat quid significet hoc nomen 'ensis'. Tunc haec est vera 'ensis scitur a Sorte esse unum genus armorum' vel 'ensis scitur a Sorte esse acutus' vel 'ensis scitur a Sorte esse ferrum', quia hoc praedicatum vere competit et vere praedicatur de pronomine demonstrante illud pro quo subiectum supponit. lgitur ista propositio est vera, et tamen nulla is1arum, propositionum est scita a Sorte 'ensis est unum genus armorum', 'ensis est acutns', 'ensis est ferrum'. Igitur similiter stant simul quod 'quaelibet persona divina scitur a philososphis esse immortalis', et tamen quod ista non sit scita ab eis 'quaelibet persona divina est immortalis'. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aliud exemplum est: quod ponatur, sicut ponunt philosophi, et credo esse verum, et alibi est sufficienter probatum, ut mihi videtur, quod essentia divina et intellectus qui est in Deo sint idem omnibus modis ex natura rei. Tunc si haec sit vera 'essentia divina scitur ab omnibus esse essentia divina', haec erit vera 'intellectus divinus scitur ab omnibus esse essentia divina'. Et tamen cum hoc stat quod haec sit scita ab omnibus 'essentia divina est essentia divina' et non ista 'intellectus divinus est esselitia divina'. Et hoc, quia ad veritatem istius 'intellectus divinus scitur ab omnibus esse essentia diviva' non requiritur nisi quod praedicatum vere praedicetur de pronomine demonstrante illud pro quo subiectum supponit. Hoc autem verum est in proposito, cum pro eodem supponat subiectum in ista 'intellectus scitur esse essentia divina' et in ista 'essentia divina scitur esse essentia divina'. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aliud exemplum est de activa generatione et paternitate. Quia si sint idem omnibus modis, impossibile est quod paternitas credatur esse constitutiva Patris nisi credatur activa generatio esse constitutiva Patris. Et tamen a multis creditur ista esse vera paternitas est constitutiva Patris' a quibus non creditur ista esse vera 'activa generatio est constitutiva Patris'. &lt;br /&gt;
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Similiter, si anima sensitiva in homine et anima intellectiva sint simpliciter eadem forma, necessario si anima intellectiva hominis scitur non esse distincta ab anima intellectiva hominis, anima sensitiva hominis scietur non esse distincta ab anima intellectiva hominis. Et tamen haec erit scita 'anima intellectiva hominis non est distincta ab anima intellectiva hominis', quamvis haec non sit scita 'anima sensitiva hominis non est distincta ab anima intellectiva hominis'. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Et ratio omnium praedictorum est, quia per talem propositionem 'anima sensitiva hominis scitur non esse distincta ab anima intellectiva hominis' non denotatur nisi qnod hoc praedicatum 'non esse distinctum ab anima intellectiva hominis' scitur de illo quod est anima sensitiva hominis, non quod sciatur de hoc subiecto 'anima sensitiva hominis'. Sicut per istam 'veniens scitur esse homo' denotatur quod res, quae est veniens, scitur esse homo, quamvis nesciatur an hoc praedicatum 'homo' sciatur de hoc subiecto 'veniens'. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Contra tamen praedicta exempla potest instari: quia in omnibus supponitur quod duo subiecta propositionum duarum adductarum supponant simpliciter pro eodem. Non sic autem est in istis 'quaelibet persona divina scitur esse immortalis', 'Deus scitur esse immortalis', quia snbiectum unius supponit pro persona divina et subiectum alterius non supponit pro persona divina sed pro essentia divina, et ita non est simile de istis et de aliis exemplis adductis: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sed istud non obstat, quia quamvis quantum ad hoc non sit simile, quia tamen persona divina est essentia divina, -propter quam identitatem quidquid convenit essentiae divinae, convenit personae divinae, nisi oppositum inveniatur in Sacra Scriptura vel sequaatur evidenter ex talibus -, ideo si concedatur quod Deus scitur esse immortalis debet concedi quod persona divina scitur esse immortalis. Nec ex hoc aliquo modo sequitur quod aliquis potest scire ex naturalibus qnod tres personae sunt in Deo, quia per istam et consimiles 'persona divina scitur esse immortalis' non denotatur nisi quod de illo, qnod est persona divina, scitur qnod est immortale. Et hoc est verum, quia de Deo, qui est persona divina, scitur quod est immortalis. Sic igitur numquam talis discursus debet negari nisi quando accipitur aliquis teminius importans aliquam rem quae est plures res distinctae realiter. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sed adhuc non semper in tali casu, sed tunc solum quando non denotatur per maiorem quod praedicatum dicitur de omni illo quod est subiectum, sed quando solum denotatur quod omne illud quod est formliter illud quod importatur per subiectum quod de omni tali dicatur praedicatum. Quid autem sit aliquid esse formaliter aliqnid, decla ratum est alibi. Cum igitur inter creaturas hoc non possit reperiri quod una res sit plures res, numquam in creaturis talis modus arguendi debet negari, nisi forte aliquando aliquis terminus includat aliquod syncategorema, quo expresso pateret talis discursus non valere. Unde si a significet idem quod hoc totum 'tantum animal', iste syllogismus non valere 'omnis homo est substaiitia; a est homo; igitur a est substantia', quia expresso syncategoremate incluso aequivalenter in li a et etiam expresso alio termino illo modo incluso, manifestum est discursum non valere. Sicut non sequitur 'omnis homo est substantia; tantum animal est homo; igitur tantnm animal est substantia'. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Et si dicatur quod talis syllogismus regulatur per dici de omni, nam per istam maiorem 'omnis homo est substantia' denotatur quod de quocumque dicitur 'homo' de eodem dicitur 'substantia', et per istam minorem 'tantum animal est homo' denotatur qnod 'homo' dicitur de hoc toto 'tantum animal'; igitur sequitur conclusio in qua 'substantia' praedicatur de hoc toto 'tantum animal'; igitur p raedictus discursus regulatur per dici de omni: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dicendum est quod non regulatur per dici de omni, et hoc quia quamvis per minorem denotetur quod 'homo' praedicetur de hoc toto 'tantum animal', tamen non tantum hoc denotatur, sed etiam denotatur quod hoc snbiectum 'homo' removetur a qnolibet non-animali. Et propter hoc non sequitur conclusio praedicta, quia tunc argueretur per istam regulam 'a quocumque removetur subiectum universalis, ab eodem removetur praedicatum', quae falsa est, et propter hoc non regulatur praedictus discursus per dici de omni. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Similiter si a significet idem quod 'non omnis homo', tunc non regulabitur iste discursus per dici de omni 'omne album est substantia; a est album, igitur a est substantia'. Et ratio patet. Et sicut est de istis, ita est de consimilibus. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Et forte propter talem causam negantur aliqui syllogismi ab aliquibus auctoribus, qui tamen aliter essent de se evidentes. Unde si abstracta concretorum substantialium includant aliqua determinata syncategoremata, sicut forte secundum modum loquendi aliquorum includunt, multi discursus apparebunt evidentes, qui tamen fallunt, sicut multae propositiones tunc essent falsae, quae tamen aliter essent verae. Si enim talia abstracta 'humanitas', 'equinitas', 'animalitas' et huiusmodi includant aequivalenter talia sylicategoremata 'per se primo modo' vel 'necessario' vel aliquod huiusmodi, tunc erunt istae propositiones falsae 'humanitas est homo', 'humanitas est animal', 'humanitas est animalitas', 'humanitas est alba', 'humanitas currit' et huiusmodi. Et hoc, quia expresso syncategoremate aequivalenter incluso cum alio termino, patet falsitas earum. Haec enim est falsa 'homo necessario currit' et ista similiter 'homo necessario est homo' vel 'homo necessario est animal'. Et sic auctoritates, quae negant tales propositiones de talibus abstractis, sunt glossandae. Eodem modo, hoc supposito, tales discursus non valebunt 'omnis homo cnrrit; humanitas est homo; igitur humanitas currit', nam iste discursus non valet 'omnis homo currit; homo necessario est homo; igitur homo necessario currit'. Instantia enim patet In istis terminis 'omnis persona divina est creans, Pater est necessario persona divina; igitur Pater necessario est creans, nam praemissae sunt verae et conclusio falsa. Et per istum modum multae anctoritates, sonantes quod humanitas non sit homo et quod humanitas non sit alba, debent solvi. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sic igitur, breviter, omnis syllogismus regulatus per dici de omni vel de nullo est simpliciter bonus et de se evidens, nec indigens aliqua probatione. Et non refert guale sit illud quod sumitur sub in minore, sive sit terminus substantialis sive accidentalis, sive dicat quale sive quantum sive ad aliquid sive ubi, sive quodcumque aliud. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ex quo patet quod non semper quando commutatur quid in quale vel in quantum vel in ad aliquid vel in quale quid vel in aliquid aliud est fallacia figurae dictionis. Tunc enim hic esset fallacia figurae dictionis 'omnis homo currit; album est homo; igitur album currit'. Similiter hic 'omnis homo est animal; aliquod bicubitum est homo; igitur aliquod bicubitum est animal', et in multis aliis evidentibus syllogismis; quod est manifeste falsum. &lt;br /&gt;
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== Notes ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=William_of_Ockham&amp;diff=137030</id>
		<title>William of Ockham</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=William_of_Ockham&amp;diff=137030"/>
		<updated>2011-05-26T16:37:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''William of Ockham''' was an [[England|English]] Franciscan and [[Scholasticism|scholastic]] philosopher, from Ockham, Surrey, a small village in Surrey, in England. He is considered, along with [[Thomas Aquinas]] and [[Duns Scotus]], to be one of the major figures of medieval thought.  Commonly known for ''Ockham's Razor'', the methodological principle that bears his name (although he was not the originator of the principle), Ockham also produced important works on [[logic]], physics, and theology. He is probably best known for his ardent defence of ''nominalism'', the doctrine that &amp;quot;we should not multiply entities according to the multiplicity of terms&amp;quot;, i.e. we should not suppose that everything that looks like a name, actually names something real, outside the mind. In the Church of England, his commemoration day is [[April 10]].&lt;br /&gt;
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[[Category:Philosophers]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;overflow:auto;height:1px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bcmp Pages:=17]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Birth Date:=1288]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Flourished:=1323]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Birth_Country_Name:=England]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Death Date:=1347 ]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Death_City:=Munich]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Death_Country_Name:=Germany]] &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/William_of_Ockham&amp;diff=137029</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum/William of Ockham</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum/William_of_Ockham&amp;diff=137029"/>
		<updated>2011-05-26T16:37:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: Created page with ''''William of Ockham''' was an English Franciscan and scholastic philosopher, from Ockham, Surrey, a small village in Surrey, in England. He is cons…'&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;'''William of Ockham''' was an [[England|English]] Franciscan and [[Scholasticism|scholastic]] philosopher, from Ockham, Surrey, a small village in Surrey, in England. He is considered, along with [[Thomas Aquinas]] and [[Duns Scotus]], to be one of the major figures of medieval thought.  Commonly known for ''Ockham's Razor'', the methodological principle that bears his name (although he was not the originator of the principle), Ockham also produced important works on [[logic]], physics, and theology. He is probably best known for his ardent defence of ''nominalism'', the doctrine that &amp;quot;we should not multiply entities according to the multiplicity of terms&amp;quot;, i.e. we should not suppose that everything that looks like a name, actually names something real, outside the mind. In the Church of England, his commemoration day is [[April 10]].&lt;br /&gt;
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== Life ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Ockhamchurch.JPG|thumb|right|260px|Church in Ockham, Surrey.  The building dates from about 1220]]&lt;br /&gt;
William was born in 1287 in the village of Ockham (probably the village of that name near London in Surrey). He probably entered the Franciscans at London as ''puer oblatus'', when he was seven or eight, where he would have received instruction in grammar and elementary logic, as well as an introduction to Franciscan life. After his novitiate, he embarked on more advanced studies of logic and philosophy in London, and he was ordained subdeacon at the age of eighteen in 1306. He continued to study philosophy and theology until he was admitted to the lectorate program at the Oxford ''studium'' in 1310. &lt;br /&gt;
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He began studying theology at Oxford, probably in 1317, when he began the requisite two-year period of lecturing on Peter Lombard's ''Sentences''.  On 18 June 1318 he was ordained priest in Oxford and received a licence to hear confessions&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Emden, A biographical register of the University of Oxford 3:1384&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
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After this, probably in 1321, he is thought to have taught philosophy at the Franciscan ''Studium Generale'' in London, and to have worked alongside Walter Chatton and Adam de Wodeham (his foremost disciple)&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The view that Ockham was resident in London between 1321 and 1324 was first proposed by Father Gedeon Gal in the introduction to the critical edition of Ockham's Summa logicae in 1974 (Introduction to ''Ockham, Summa logicae'' (Opera Philosophica 1), ed. Ph. Boehner,G. Gal, and S. Brown. St. Bonaventure 1974, but was challenged by Courtenay, 1990.  Courtenay regards the 'London period' as probable, but far from certain.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. From this 'London period' date most of Ockham’s important philosophical works, his eucharistic treatises (''De quantitate'' and ''De Corpore Christi''), and his great work, the ''Summa Logicae''. &lt;br /&gt;
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In this period, Ockham also began his ''Quodlibeta'', completed in Avignon c.1325, and revised his ''Sentences'' commentary (resulting in the ''Ordinatio'', the version of the commentary that Ockham defended before the examination committee in Avignon). Ockham encountered opposition to the work he completed in England, even from fellow friars such as Walter Chatton, whose students accused Ockham of heresy&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Adam de Wodeham, ''Lectura Secunda'', ed. R. Wood and G. Gal I 12-16&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. This Franciscan opposition probably also led to Ockham’s appearance before the provincial chapter of 1323. &lt;br /&gt;
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By 1324, John Lutterell, a former chancellor of Oxford university, was questioning Ockham’s orthodoxy, and Ockham was summoned to the papal court at Avignon. Arriving in Avignon between January and May 1324, he stayed there while his theological and philosophical works were being examined.  In 1326 the commission, headed by Durand of St. Pourçain, concluded that 51 propositions in Ockham's writing deserved censure, but they were never formally condemned by the Pope.  In 1237, the Franciscan minister general Michael of Cesena arrived in Avignon. Ockham met Cesena and became embroiled in the dispute about Francisan poverty, about whether Christ and his disciples had ever owned anything.  &lt;br /&gt;
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At the request of Michael, Ockham began to study John XXII’s views on Franciscan poverty, concluding that the pope’s views were heretical. The dispute forced him to leave Avignon for Pisa with Michael and other dissidents on May 26, 1328.  On June 6, 1328, Ockham was officially excommunicated - not for his writings, but for leaving Avignon without permission.&lt;br /&gt;
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In Pisa the group of dissidents met Louis of Bavaria, the Holy Roman Emperor, who was engaged in a political dispute with the Papacy. Ockham is supposed to have said to Louis &amp;quot;Defend me with the sword and I will defend you with the pen&amp;quot; (''me defendas gladio; ego te defendam calamo''). Louis offered Ockham's group protection, and in 1330, Ockham travelled to the imperial court in Munich, where he occupied the rest of his life exclusively with political and ecclesiological treatises. He died in April 1347, when he was about 60.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Philosophy ==&lt;br /&gt;
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The methodological principles that underlie Ockham's philosophy, and which are frequently appealed to by him, are as follows.  ''First'', the world is composed of singulars, each of which exists of itself or through itself (''per se'').  Ockham thus denies the medieval theory of universals, according to which universals (objects supposedly signified by common terms like 'man', 'donkey') are really existing things outside the mind, distinct from the individual.  ''Second''; if any two things in the created world are really distinct, then it is possible through God's power (''per divinam potentiam'') to separate them.  ''Third'', the so-called ''Ockham's Razor'' - do not multiply entities merely in accordance with the multiplicity of names.  This is the principle which underscores Ockham's nominalism.  ''Fourth'', do not make any statement unless it is either self-evident, a teaching of sacred scripture, or evident from sense-experience, or is logically deducible from these.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Work ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ockham published several philosophical works before he was summoned to the Papal Court in 1323 on charges of heresy.  The first was his ''Commentary'' on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, a standard requirement for medieval theology students, who would comment on this famous book of opinions (''sententia'') on certain controversial or difficult theological statements. Ockham also wrote several commentaries on Aristotle's works, and published his debates on 'Quodlibetal questions' (i.e. questions on any subject you like).&lt;br /&gt;
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Ockham’s great work is the ''Summa'' of Logic, which is partly a treatise or manual of logic, partly a work of metaphysics which resolves many philosophical questions into questions of logic and language.  it is the last of his 'academic' works. &lt;br /&gt;
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After his quarrel with the papacy, Ockham wrote and circulated several political works unofficially, the most important of which is his Dialogue on the Power of the Emperor and the Pope. All of his works have been edited into modern critical editions but not all have been translated into English.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Commentary on the sentences ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Book I survives in an ''ordinatio'' or revised and corrected version, approved by the author himself for publication. Books II-IV survive only as a ''reportatio'' a transcript of lectures, taken down by a 'reporter', without the benefit of later revisions or corrections by the author.&lt;br /&gt;
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*''[[Directory:Logic Museum/Commentaries on the Sentences (Ockham)|Quaestiones et decisiones in IV libros Sententiarum]]'', published by Ioannes Trechsel, Lyon 1495.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Commentaries on the old logic (1321-24) ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Commentaries on Porphyry's Isagoge and of Aristotle's Categories, On Interpretation, and Sophistic Refutations . &lt;br /&gt;
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*Kluge, Eike-Henner W., trans. 1973-74. “William of Ockham's Commentary on Porphyry: Introduction and English Translation.” Franciscan Studies 33, pp. 171-254, and 34, pp. 306-82. &lt;br /&gt;
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=== ''Summa'' of  Logic ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Latin: ''Summa Logicae''&lt;br /&gt;
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*Loux, Michael J. 1974. ''Ockham's Theory of Terms: Part I of the Summa Logicae''. Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press. Complete Translation. &lt;br /&gt;
*Freddoso, Alfred J., and Schuurman, Henry, trans. 1980. ''Ockham's Theory of Propositions: Part II of the Summa logicae''. Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press.&lt;br /&gt;
*Longeway, John Lee (2007), ''Demonstration and Scientific Knowledge in William of Ockham'', University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN.  A translation of ''Summa Logicae III-II : De Syllogismo Demonstrativo'', with selections from the ''Prologue'' to the ''Ordinatio''.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Treatise on Predestination (1321-24).  ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Treatise on Predestination and God's Foreknowledge with Respect to Future Contingents&lt;br /&gt;
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*Adams, Marilyn McCord, and Kretzmann, Norman, trans. 1983. William of Ockham: Predestination, God's Foreknowledge, and Future Contingents. 2nd ed. Indianapolis: Hackett.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Quodlibetal Questions 1322-24===&lt;br /&gt;
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The seven ''Quodlibeta'' are probably the record of disputations held in the Franciscan house near London where Ockham taught after finishing at Oxford.  The disputations probably took place between the Autumn of 1322 and 1324, between Ockham and his critic Walter Chatton.  The disputed subjects range from grammar and logic to metaphysics, epistemology and ethics. The work was revised by Ockham in Avignon 1324-25. &lt;br /&gt;
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*Joseph C. Wey (ed.) ''Quodlibeta Septem'', St. Bonaventura University, NY, 1980, 838pp.&lt;br /&gt;
* Freddoso, Alfred J., and Kelly, Francis E., (trans.) 1991. Quodlibetal Questions. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Commentaries on the Physics (1322-24) ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Latin title: Brevis Summa Libri Physicorum&lt;br /&gt;
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This is a short summary of Aristotle's book ''Physics''.&lt;br /&gt;
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* ''Opera Philosophica'', St Bonaventura NY: vol VI.&lt;br /&gt;
* Davies, Julian, trans. 1989. Ockham on Aristotle's Physics: A Translation of Ockham's ''Brevis Summa Libri Physicorum''. St. Bonaventure, N. Y.: The Franciscan Institute. Complete translation of the Brief Summa of the Physics. &lt;br /&gt;
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Questions on Aristotle's Books of the Physics (before 1324)&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Work of Ninety Days (1332-34) ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Latin: ''Opus nonaginta dierum''.  The ''Work of Ninety Days'' was Ockham’s first major work in his twenty-year campaign against Pope John XXII. It is a critical commentary on the Pope’s work ''Quia vir reprobus''. It includes a discussion of the place of voluntary poverty in religious life, the place of property in civil life, and its relation to natural rights and human law.   &amp;quot;Ockham dissects with remorseless logic and barely concealed moral outrage an edict of Pope John XXII that had condemned Michael of Cesena, head of the Franciscan Order for daring to defend the traditional Franciscan position that property could be used without being owned. &amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.britac.ac.uk/pubs/dialogus/wock.html]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ISBN10:  0-7734-7528-1   ISBN13:  978-0-7734-7528-1    Pages:  496    Year:  2001  A Translation of William of Ockham’s Work of Ninety Days Vol. 1 Kilcullen, John. Edwin Mellen Press 2001&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Dialogue (c. 1334-46) ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The book is presented as a record of discussions between a student and a university master about opinions on the dispute between Pope John XXII and the dissident Franciscans. The gist of the work is that a pope's orthodoxy is as much open to scrutiny as that of any ordinary Christian, and a pope is not entitled to use the power of his office to evade such scrutiny.&lt;br /&gt;
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Part 1 of the Dialogue is long, and is the only part that seems to be complete. Part 2 does not really belong to the work at all.  Part 3 is divided into two &amp;quot;tracts&amp;quot;. Ockham had planned to compose as many as six additional &amp;quot;tracts&amp;quot; in this Part, but none are extant. &lt;br /&gt;
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The Dialogue is not as well known as the 'academic' works but, according to Kilcullen, they deserves a place &amp;quot;beside Marsilius's Defensor Pacis, Hooker's Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, Hobbes's Leviathan and Locke's Two Treatises, among the classics of political thought.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.britac.ac.uk/pubs/dialogus/wock.html]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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See Dialogus, LATIN TEXT AND ENGLISH TRANSLATION edited by John Kilcullen, George Knysh, Volker Leppin, John Scott and Jan Ballweg, under the auspices of the Medieval Texts Editorial Committee of the British Academy here [http://www.britac.ac.uk/pubS/dialogus/ockdial.html].&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Letter to the Friars Minor (1334) ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The Letter to the Friars Minor was addressed to the 1334 general meeting of the Franciscan Order (i.e. of those who had submitted to the pope), explaining why Ockham was not with them.&lt;br /&gt;
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McGrade, A. S., and Kilcullen, John, ed. &amp;amp; trans. 1995. A Letter to the Friars Minor and Other Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Translation of several of Ockham's political writings, including the Letter to the Friars Minor, Eight Questions on the Power of the Pope, and The Work of Ninety Days. &lt;br /&gt;
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=== Eight Questions on the Power of the Pope ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Eight Questions on the Power of the Pope (1340-41). Eight Questions on the Power of the Pope, reporting and comparing various opinions on the powers of the pope in relation to the Roman Empire.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Influence ==&lt;br /&gt;
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==Primary sources (Franciscan Institute ) ==&lt;br /&gt;
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=== manuscripts  ===&lt;br /&gt;
* De Sacramento Altaris: Paris BN Lat. 15888 ff. 174va-180v&lt;br /&gt;
* Sermones: see Schneyer, II, 525-533&lt;br /&gt;
* Opus Nonaginta Dierum: Paris, BN, 3387 ff. 1-175&lt;br /&gt;
* Tractatus contra Joh. XXII: Paris, BN, 3387 ff. 175-213v&lt;br /&gt;
* Tractatus contra Benedict. XII: Paris, BN, 3387 ff. 214-262&lt;br /&gt;
* Tractatus de Principiis Theologiae: Paris BN 15888 ff. 163ra-174vb&lt;br /&gt;
* Epistola ad Fratres Minores apud Assisium Congregatos: Paris, BN, 3387 ff. 262v-265.&lt;br /&gt;
* Questiones super I.Sent.: Brussels, Bibl. Royale, 1284 (an. 1471)&lt;br /&gt;
* Summa Logica: Bruges, Bibl. de la Ville 498 (an. 1340); Avignon, Bibl. Mun. 1086 (1343)&lt;br /&gt;
* De Imperatorum et Pontificum Potestate: Deventer, OB 100 ; London, British Museum Reg. 10.A.XV&lt;br /&gt;
* Impugnatio constitutionum Papae Iohannis (April/May 1328): MS Florence, Biblioteca Med. Laurenziana 31.3&lt;br /&gt;
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=== editions ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The best primary sources are the critical editions of Ockham's philosophical, theological and political works published by the Franciscan Institute Press.  These can be hard to locate - this is the first site on the internet to list all the volumes with their contents, as follows.&lt;br /&gt;
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* ''Opera Philosophica'' Volumes I-VII. St. Bonaventure, N.Y.: Franciscan Institute Press, 1974-1988. &lt;br /&gt;
* ''Opera Theologica'' Volumes I-X. St. Bonaventure, N.Y.: Franciscan Institute Press, 1967-1986. &lt;br /&gt;
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=== Theological works ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''Opera Theologica'' I-IV - ''Scriptum in librum primum sententiarum Franciscan Institute'', 1967-79. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Contents:  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Vol. I ''Prologus et distinctio prima''  ed. G. Gal, adlaborante S. Brown (1967)&lt;br /&gt;
* Vol. II  Distinctiones II-III  ed. S. Brown, adlaborante G. Gal (1970).&lt;br /&gt;
* Vol. III Distinctiones IV-XVIII / ed. G. I. Etzkorn (1977).&lt;br /&gt;
* Vol. IV Distinctiones XIX-XLVIII / ed. G. I. Etzkorn et F. E. Kelley (1979). &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''Opera Theologica'' V  - 'Quaestiones in librum secundum Sententiarum'' (reportatio) / 1981 515 p. &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
ed. Gal, Gedeon, Wood, Rega&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
''Opera Theologica'' VI - ''Quaestiones in librum tertium Sententiarum'' (reportatio) 1967, Kelley, Francis E., ed. Etzkorn, Girard J., 1927-, ed. &lt;br /&gt;
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''Opera Theologica'' VII - ''Quaestiones in librum quartum Sententiarum'' (Reportatio) 1984 384 pp. &lt;br /&gt;
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Wood, Rega, ed. &lt;br /&gt;
Gal, Gedeon, 1915-1998-, ed. &lt;br /&gt;
Green, Romuald, ed. &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
=== Philosophical works ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* ''Opera Philosophica'' I - ''Summa Logicae''&lt;br /&gt;
** St. Bonaventure, N.Y. : Editiones Instituti Franciscani Universitatis S. Bonaventurae, 1974. 899 p., eds [[Directory:Logic Museum/Philotheus Boehner|Boehner, Philotheus]],  Gál, Gedeon, 1915-  Brown, Stephen.  **&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*''Opera Philosophica'' II&lt;br /&gt;
** Expositionis in libros artis logicae prooemium et expositio in librum porphyrii de praedicabilibus (ed. Moody)&lt;br /&gt;
** Expositio in librum Praedicamentorum Aristotelis (ed. Gedeon Gal)&lt;br /&gt;
** Expositio in librum Perihermenias Aristotelis (ed. A. Gambatese and S. Brown)&lt;br /&gt;
** Tractatus de praedestinatione et de praescientia dei respectu futurorum contingentium (ed Boehner and revised by Stephen Brown)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''Opera Philosophica'' III - Moody, et al&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Expositio super libros Elenchorum &lt;br /&gt;
Additional Authors:  Del Punta, Francesco, ed. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''Opera Philosophica'' IV - ''Expositio in Libros Physicorum'' (Prologus et libri I-III ), Richter SJ Vladimir and Leibold Gerhard 1985&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''Opera Philosophica'' V -  ''Expositio in Libros Physicorum'' (Books IV-VIII), Wood Rega; Gál OFM Gedeon; Green OFM Romuald; Kelley Francis; Leibold Berhard; Etzkorn Girard J.  1985&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''Opera Philosophica'' VI - ''Brevis summa Libri Physicorum'', ''Summula philosophiae naturalis'' et ''Quaestiones in libros Physicorum Aristotelis'' 1984   Brown, Stephen, 1933-, ed. &lt;br /&gt;
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''Opera Philosophica'' VII&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Opera Dubia et Spuria. Tractus Minor et Elementarium Logicae. Includes Tractatus de Praedicamentis Quaestio de Relatione Centiloquium Tractatus de Principiis Theologiae. Buytaert OFM Eligius; Etzkorn Girard J; Mohan OFM Gaudens; Boehner OFM Philotheus; Baudry Leon; Kelley Francis E. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These treatises are not of Ockhamian authorship.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Primary sources (other) ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* ''Opera Politica'' Volumes I-III. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1940-1963. A critical edition of certain of Ockham's political writings, including the ''Opus Nonaginta Dierum'' (Work of 90 days).&lt;br /&gt;
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==Secondary sources ==&lt;br /&gt;
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J. Hofer, ‘Biographische Studien über Wilhelm von Ockham’, AFH 6 (1913), 209-233, 439-465, 654-669&lt;br /&gt;
*  A. Pelzer, ‘Les 51 articles de Guillaume Occam, censurés en Avignon, en 1326’, Revue d’Histoire Ecclésiastique 18 (1922), 245ff&lt;br /&gt;
*  F. Federhofer, ‘Die Philosophie des Wilhelm von Ockham in Rahmen seiner Zeit’, Franziskanische Studien 12 (1925), 273-296&lt;br /&gt;
*  A. Garvens, ‘Grundlagen der Ethik Wilhelms von Ockham’, Franziskanische Studien 21 (1934), 243-273, 304-408&lt;br /&gt;
*  J. Koch, 'Neue Aktenstücke zu dem gegen Wilhelm Ockham in Avignon geführten Prozess', Recherches de Théologie Ancienne et Médiévale, 7 (1935), 353ff &amp;amp; 8 (1936), 79ff &amp;amp; 168ff&lt;br /&gt;
*  E. Moody, The Logic of William of Ockham (New York, 1935)&lt;br /&gt;
*  C. Tornay, ‘The Nominalism of William of Ockham’, Philosophical Review 45/3 (1936), 245-267&lt;br /&gt;
*  E. Bonke, ‘Doctrina nominalistica de fondamento ordinis apud G. de Ockham et G. Biel’, Collectanea Franciscana 14 (1944), 57-70&lt;br /&gt;
*  P. Boehner, ‘Die unpolemischen Schriften Ockhams’, Franziskanische Studien 32 (1950), 156-163&lt;br /&gt;
*  L. Baudry, Guillaume d’Occam, I: L’homme et les oeuvres (Paris, 1950)&lt;br /&gt;
*  V. Heynck, ‘Ockham-Literatur 1919-1949’, Franziskanische Studien 32 (1950), 164-183&lt;br /&gt;
*  Adalbert Hamman, ‘la doctrine de l’Église et  de l’etat d’après le Bréviloquium d’Occam’, Franziskanische Studien 32 (1950), 135-141&lt;br /&gt;
*  P.Boehner, ‘The Relative Date of Ockham’s Commentary on the Sentences’, Franciscan Studies 11 (1951), 305-316&lt;br /&gt;
*  L. Baudry, Lexique philosophique de Guillaume d’Occam (Paris, 1958)&lt;br /&gt;
*  L. Vereecke, ‘L’obligation morale selon G. d’Ockham’, La Vie Spirituelle, suppl. 45 (1958), 123-143&lt;br /&gt;
*  C.K. Brampton, ‘A Note on Auriol, Ockham and MS Borghese 329’, Gregorianum 41 (1960), 713-716&lt;br /&gt;
*  J.M. Rubert y Candau, ‘Los principios básicos de la ética en el Ockhamismo y en la via moderna de los siglos XIV y XV’, Verdad y Vida 18 (1960), 97-116&lt;br /&gt;
*  C.K. Brampton, ‘Guillaume d’Ockham et la ‘prima redactio’ de son Commentaire sur les Sentences’, Revue d’histoire ecclésiastique 56 (1961), 470-476&lt;br /&gt;
*  C.K. Brampton, ‘The Probable Date of Ockham’s ‘Lectura Sententiarum’, AFH 55 (1962), 367-374&lt;br /&gt;
*  C.K. Brampton, ‘The probable Order of Ockham’s Non-polemical Works’, Traditio 19 (1963), 469-483&lt;br /&gt;
*  S.F. Brown, ‘Sources for Ockham’s prologue to the Sentences’, Franciscan Studies 26 (1966), 36-65 &amp;amp; 27 (1967), 39-107&lt;br /&gt;
*  G. Gál, ‘Gualtieri de Chatton et Guilelmi de Ockham controversia de natura conceptus universalis’ Franciscan Studies 27 (1967), 191-212&lt;br /&gt;
*  J.P. Reilly, ‘Ockham Bibliography, 1950-1967’, Franciscan Studies 28 (1968), 197-214&lt;br /&gt;
*  T. de Andrès, El Nominalismo de Guillermo de Ockham como Filosofia del languaje (Madrid, 1969)&lt;br /&gt;
*  M. McCord Adams &amp;amp; N. Kretzmann, William Ockham: Predestination, God’s Foreknowledge, and Future Contingents (New York, 1969)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Jürgen Miethke, Ockhams Weg zur Sozialphilosophie (Berlin, 1969)&lt;br /&gt;
*  L. Urban, ‘William of Ockham’s theological ethics’, Franciscan Studies 33 (1973), 310-350&lt;br /&gt;
*  Arthur Stephen McGrade, The Political Thought of William of Ockham. Personal and Institutional Principles, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought 3rd series, 7 (Cambridge, 1974)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Gordon Leff, William of Ockham (manchester, 1975)&lt;br /&gt;
*  A. Maurer, ‘Ockham on the Possibility of a Better World’, Mediaeval Studies 38 (1976), 291-312&lt;br /&gt;
*  M. McCord Adams, ‘Ockham on Identity and Distinction’, Franciscan Studies 36 (1976), 5-74&lt;br /&gt;
*  A. de Muralt, ‘La connaissance intuitive du néant et l’évidence du je pense (…)’, Studia Philosophica 36 (1976), 107-158&lt;br /&gt;
*  Marilyn McCord Adams, ‘Was Ockham a Humean about Efficient Causality?’, Franciscan Studies 39 (1979), 5-48&lt;br /&gt;
*  Marylin McCord Adams &amp;amp; Rega Wood, ‘Is to Will It as Bad as to Do It?’, Franciscan Studies 41 (1981), 5-60&lt;br /&gt;
*  G. Gál, ‘Ockham Died Impenitent’, Franciscan Studies 42 (1982), 90ff&lt;br /&gt;
*  J.A. de C.R. de Souza, ‘As idéias políticas de Guilherme de Ockham na Consultatio de causa matrimoniali’, in: Pensamento Medieval: X Semana de Filosofia de Universidade de Brasília, ed. J.A. de Camargo Rodriguez de Souza (São Paulo, 1983), 160-186&lt;br /&gt;
*  A. Goddu, The Physics of William of Ockham (Leiden, 1984)&lt;br /&gt;
*  A. Patin, ‘Trois maîtres franciscains dans le manuscrit latin 15888 de la Bibliothèque National de Paris’, Franziskanische Studien 66 (1984), 265-284&lt;br /&gt;
*  S. Brown, `Walter Chatton's Lectura and William of Ockham's Quaestiones in Libros Physicorum Aristotelis', in: Essays Honoring Allan B. Wolter, ed. W.A. Frank &amp;amp; G.J. Etzkorn (St. Bonaventure, New York, 1985)&lt;br /&gt;
*  G. Knysh, ‘Ockham’s Avignon Period: Biographical Rectifications’, Franciscan Studies 46 (1986), 64ff&lt;br /&gt;
*  Marilyn McCord Adams, William of Ockham 2 Vols (Notre Dame, 1987)&lt;br /&gt;
*  William Courtenay, Schools and Scholars in Fourteenth Century England (Princeton, N.J., 1987), 193-218&lt;br /&gt;
*  Catherine Tachau, Vision and Certitude in the Age of Ockham: Optics, Epistemology and the Foundations of Semantics, 1250-1345 (Leiden: Brill, 1988)&lt;br /&gt;
*  L. Freppert, The Basis of Morality According to William Ockham (Chicago, 1988)&lt;br /&gt;
*  P. Alféri, Guillaume d’Ockham. Le singulier (Paris, 1989)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Michael J. Wilks, ‘Royal patronage and anti-papalism from Ockham to Wyclif’, in: From Ockham to Wyclif, ed. Annes Hudson &amp;amp; Michael Wilks (Oxford, 1989), 135-163&lt;br /&gt;
*  J. Davis, Ockham on Aristotle’s Physics (St. Bonaventure, 1989)&lt;br /&gt;
*  W.J. Courtenay, `Ockham, Chatton, andd the London Studium: Observations on Recent Changes in Ockham's Biography', in: Die Gegenwart Ockhams, ed. W. Vossenkuhl &amp;amp; R. Schönberger (Weinheim, 1990)&lt;br /&gt;
*  A.S.McGrade&amp;gt; on the political works&lt;br /&gt;
*  J. Miethke, ‘Der Abschluß der kritischen Ausgabe von Ockhams akademischen Schriften’, Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters 47 (1991), 180-184&lt;br /&gt;
*  A. de Muralt, ‘L’univocité de l’être. Fondement critique de la négation de l’éxemplarité divine chez Guillaume d’Occam’, Collectanea Franciscana 60 (1990), 577-594&lt;br /&gt;
*  G. Etzkorn, ‘Ockham at a Provincial Chapter: 1324, a Prelude to Avignon’, AFH 83 (1990), 557-567&lt;br /&gt;
*  R. Cross, 'Nominalism and the Christology of William of Ockham', RThAM, 58 (1991), 126ff&lt;br /&gt;
*  G. Gál &amp;amp; R. Wood, `The Ockham Edition: William of Ockham's `Opera Philosophica et Theologica', Franciscan Studies, 51 (1991), 83-101&lt;br /&gt;
*  Peter Schulthess, Sein, Signifikation und Erkenntnis bei Wilhelm von Ockham (Berlin, 1992)&lt;br /&gt;
*  R. Imbach &amp;amp; P. Ladner, `Die handschrift 51 der Freiburger Franziskanerbibliothek und das darin enthaltene Fragment des Ockham zugeschriebenen Traktats `De Principiis Theologiae'', in: Filosofia e teologia nel Trecento, Studi in ricordo di E. Randi, ed. L. Biancchi (Louvain-la-Neuve, 1994), 105-127&lt;br /&gt;
*  L.-M. de Rijk, `Ockham's horror of the Universal: an assessment of his view of individuality', Mediaevalia 7-8 (1995), 473-497&lt;br /&gt;
*  Pellegrini, A., Statuto epistemologico della teologia secondo Guglielmo di Occam (Città da Vaticano, 1995)&lt;br /&gt;
*  A. Poppi, Studi sull'etica della prima scuola francescana, 123-143&lt;br /&gt;
*  J. Miethke, Mittelalterliches Jahrbuch, 29 (1994), 61-82&lt;br /&gt;
*  John Boler, Franciscan Studies, 54 (1994-97), 79-98&lt;br /&gt;
*  Robert Andrews, Franciscan Studies, 54 (1994-1997), 99-123&lt;br /&gt;
*  Paul Vincent Spade, Franciscan Studies, 54 (1994-97), 227-250&lt;br /&gt;
*  A.S. McGrade, Franciscan Studies 54 (1994-1997), 143-165&lt;br /&gt;
*  G. Mensching, `Zur epocheprägenden Bedeutung des Nominalismus', in: Die Bibliotheca Amploniana. Ihre Bedeutung im Spannungsfeld von Aristotelismus, Nominalismus und Humanismus, ed. A. Speer (Berlin-NY, 1995), 353-366 [see also pp. 409-433]&lt;br /&gt;
*  W.J. Courtenay, `Was there an Ockhamist School?', in: Philosophy and Learning, 263-292 [Coll. Franc. B. 18, 724]&lt;br /&gt;
*  O. Leffler, Wilhelm von Ockham: Die sprachphilosophischen Grundlagen seines Denkens, Franziskanische Forschungen, 40 (Werl, 1995)&lt;br /&gt;
*  V. Leppin, Geglaubte Wahrheit. Das Theologieverständnis Wilhelm von Ockhams (Göttingen, 1995)&lt;br /&gt;
*  A. Pellegrini, Statuto epistemologico della teologia secondo Guglielmo di Occam (Firenze, 1995)&lt;br /&gt;
*  J. Biard, Guillaume d'Ockham. Logique et philosophie (Paris, 1997)&lt;br /&gt;
*  M. Damiata, I problemi di G. d'Ockham, I. La conoscenza, Biblioteca di studi Francescani (Florence, 1996) [also as Studi Francescani 93 (1996), 3-316]&lt;br /&gt;
*  M.F. González, `El franciscanesimo de Guillermo de Ockham: una aproximación biográfico-contextual a su filosofia', Rivista española de filosofia medieval, 2 (1995), 127-44&lt;br /&gt;
*  Lambert de Rijk, ‘Ockham’s horror of the universal: an assessment of his view of individuality’, Mediaevalia - Textos e Estudios 7-8 (1995), 473-497&lt;br /&gt;
*  A. Ghisalberti, `Guglielmo di Ockham e l'ockhamismo', in: Storia della teologia nel medioevo, III: La teologia delle scuole, ed. G. d'Onofrio (Casale Monferrato, 1996), 463-514&lt;br /&gt;
*  E. Karger, `William of Ockham, Walter Chatton and Adam Wodeham on the Objects of Knowledge and Belief', Vivarium, 33 (1995), 171-196&lt;br /&gt;
*  M. Kaufmann, `Ockham's Criticism of the Formal Distinction (...)', in: Via Scoti, ed. L. Sileo (Rome, 1995), 337-345&lt;br /&gt;
*  C.M. Talégon Herrero, `Nominalismo e ideología en el siglo XIV', Rev. Esp. Filos. Medieval 2 (1995), 121-126&lt;br /&gt;
*  M. Damiata, `Ockham e Pietro Aureolo', SF, 92 (1995), 711-106&lt;br /&gt;
*  Th. Kobusch, `Ens inquantum und ens rationis (...)', in: Aristotle in Britain during the Middle Ages, ed. J. Marenbon (Turnhout, 1996), 157-175&lt;br /&gt;
*  V. Leppin, `Mit der Freiheit des Evangeliums gegen den Papst (...)', Freiburger Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Theologie, 42 (1995), 397-405&lt;br /&gt;
*  Oliver Leffler, Wilhelm von Ockham, Die sprachfilosophischen Grundlagen seines Denkens, Franziskanische Forschungen, 40 (Werl, 1995)&lt;br /&gt;
*  A. Maurer, `Ockham's Razor and Dialectical Reasoning', Mediaeval Studies, 58 (1996), 49-65&lt;br /&gt;
*  B.D. Dutton, ‘Nicholas of Autrecourt and William of Ockham on atomism, nominalism, and the ontology of motion’, Med. Philos. Theol. 5 (1996), 63-85&lt;br /&gt;
*  D. Widerker, `Contra Snapshot Ockhamism', Intern. Journal Philos. Rel. 39 (1996), 95-102&lt;br /&gt;
*  Cl. Panaccio, La philosophie du language&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*  D. Perler, `Ockham über Prädikation und Inhärenz', Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale, 5 (1994), 463-485&lt;br /&gt;
*  J. Miethke, `Señorío y libertad en la teoría politica del siglo XIV', Patristica et mediaevalia 16 (1995), 3-32&lt;br /&gt;
*  Les philosophies morales et politiques au moyen âge&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*  A. Poppi, `Il probleme dell'`intrinsece malum' in Guglielmo di Ockham', in: Idem, Studi sull'etica della prima scuola francescana, Centro Studi Antoniani, 24 (Padua, 1996)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Marcos Francisco González, Verdad y Vida 54 (1996), 153-185&lt;br /&gt;
*  Jan P. Beckmann, Wilhelm von Ockham, BsR 533 (Munich, 1996)&lt;br /&gt;
*  R. Imbach, Micrologus 4 (1996), 313-329&lt;br /&gt;
*  R. Imbach, Quodlibeta, 421-434&lt;br /&gt;
*  Armand Maurer, `Ockham's razor and dialectical reasoning', Mediaeval Studies 58 (1996), 49-65&lt;br /&gt;
*  W.J. Courtenay, ‘The debate over Ockham’s physical theories at Paris’, in: La nouvelle physique du XIVe siècle, 45-63&lt;br /&gt;
*  Olga L. Larre de González, La filosofía natural de Ockham como fenomenologia del individuo, Diss. (Buenos Aires: Universidad Católica Argentina, 1996)&lt;br /&gt;
*  A. Grazioso, `Guglielmo d'Occam filosofo del linguagio', MF, 97 (1997), 114-165&lt;br /&gt;
*  L. Polo, Nominalismo, idealismo y realismo (Barañain: Ediciones EUNSA, 1997)&lt;br /&gt;
*  O. Todisco, `Omnipotenza e Contingenza. La prospettiva filosofica di G. d'Occam', Miscellanea Franciscana 97 (1997), 166-263&lt;br /&gt;
*  Lili Alanen &amp;amp; Mikko Yrjönsuuri, ‘Intuition, jugement et évidence chez Ockham et Descartes’, in: Descartes et le Moyen Age, ed. J. Biard &amp;amp; R. Rashed (Paris, 1997), 155-174&lt;br /&gt;
*  M. Damiata, Studi Francescani, 94 (1997) &amp;amp; 95 (1998) totaly. See also earlier issues of previous years&lt;br /&gt;
*  Joël Biard, Guilaume d’Ockham. Logique et philosophie, Philosophies 80 (Paris, 1997)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Andrea Grazioso, ‘Guglielmo d’Occam filosofo del linguaggio’, Miscellanea Franciscana 97 (1997), 114-165&lt;br /&gt;
*  Takash Shogimen, ‘Ockham’s vision of the Primitive Church’, in: The Church Retrospective. Papers read at the 1995 Summer Meeting in the Ecclesiastical History Society. In Memory of Andrew Martindale, Studies in Church History 33 (Woodbridge-Rochester NY, 1997), 163-175&lt;br /&gt;
*  F. Hoffmann, Ockham-Rezeption und Ockham-Kritik im Jarhzehnt nach Wilhelm von Ockham in Oxford 1322-1332, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Philosophie und Theologie des Mittelalters Neue Folge 50 (Münster, 1997)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Alessandro Ghisalberti, Guillherme de Ockham, trad. Luis Alberto De Boni, Coleção Filosofia, 56 (Porto Alegre, 1997)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Brian Tierney, ‘Natural law and canon law in Ockham’s ‘Dialogus’’, in: Idem, Rights, Laws and Infallibility in Medieval Thought, Variorum Collected Studies Series, 587 (Aldershot: Variorum, 1997), Essay XIV, 3-24&lt;br /&gt;
*  Brian Tierney, ‘From Thomas of York to William of Ockham: the Franciscans and the papal Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum 1250-1350’, in: B. Tierney, Rights, Laws, and Infallibility in Medieval Thought, Variorum Collected Studies Series 578 (Aldershot: Variorum, 1997), Essay XV 607-658&lt;br /&gt;
*  Gerhard D. Wassermann, From Occam’s Razor to the Roots of Consciousness. Twenty essays in philosophy of science and philosophy of mind, Avebury Series in Philosophy (Ashgate: Aldershot, 1997)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Marino Damiata, ‘I problemi di G. d’Ockham. II: Dio’, Studi Francescani 94 (1997), 3-319&lt;br /&gt;
*  Christopher J. Martin, ‘Impossible positio as the foundation of metaphysics or, logic on the Scotist plan?’, in: Vestigia, Imagines, Verba: Semiotics and Logic in Medieval Theological Texts (XIIeth-XIVth Century), ed. Costantino Marmo, Semiotic and Cognitive Studies, 4 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1997), 255-276&lt;br /&gt;
*  Johannes M.M.H. Thijssen, ‘The crisis over Ockhamist hermeneutic and its semantic background: the methodological significance of the censure of December 29, 1340’, in: Vestigia, Imagines, Verba: Semiotics and Logic in Medieval Theological Texts (XIIeth-XIVth Century), ed. Costantino Marmo, Semiotic and Cognitive Studies, 4 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1997),  371-392&lt;br /&gt;
*  M. McCord Adams, ‘Ockham on Final Causality: muddying the waters’ Franciscan Studies 56 (1998), 1-46&lt;br /&gt;
*  J.P. Beckmann, ‘Ockham, Ockhamismus, und Nominalismus. Spuren der Wirkungsgeschichte des Venerabilis Inceptors,’ Franciscan Studies 56 (1998), 77-95&lt;br /&gt;
*  John Boler, ‘Ockham on difference in category’, Franciscan Studies 56 (1998), 97-113&lt;br /&gt;
*  Stephen Lahey, ‘William of Ockham and trope nominalism’, Franciscan Studies 55 (1998), 105-120&lt;br /&gt;
*  Martin Lenz, ‘Himmlische Sätze: Die Beweisbarkeit von Glaubenssätzen nach Wilhelm von Ockham’, Bochumer Philos. Jahrb. 3 (1998), 99-120&lt;br /&gt;
*  Volker Leppin, ‘Does Ockham’s Concept of Divine Power Threathen Man’s Certainty in His Knowledge of the World?’, Franciscan Studies 55 (1998), 169-180&lt;br /&gt;
*  Luca Parisoli, ‘Guglielmo di Ockham e la fonte dei diritti naturali: una teoría politica tra libertà evangelica e diritti fondamentali ed universali’, Collectanea Franciscana 68 (1998), 5-62&lt;br /&gt;
*  Volker Leppin, ‘Scholastik im Konfliktfeld einer spätscholastischen Universität. Ein Beitrag zum Verständnis Wilhelms von Ockham’, Jahrbuch der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen (1998), 124-127&lt;br /&gt;
*  Mark Reuter, ‘Language, lies, and human action in William of Ockham’s treatment of insolubles’, Vivarium 36 (1998), 108-133&lt;br /&gt;
*  Fritz Hofmann, Ockham-Rezeption und Ockham-Kritik im Jahrzehnt nach Wilhelm von Ockham in Oxford (1322-1332), Beiträge dur Geschichte der Philosophie und Theologie des Mittelalters, Neue Folge, 50 (Münster: Aschendorff verlag, 1998) [cf. Collectanea Franciscana 70 (2000), 254-256 &amp;amp; Wissenschaft und Weisheit 62 (1999), 138-143]&lt;br /&gt;
*  J.J. Macintosh, ‘Aquinas and Ockham on Time, Predestination and the Unexpected Examination’, Franciscan Studies 55 (1998), 181-220&lt;br /&gt;
*  J. Miethke, ‘Die ‘Octo Questiones’ Wilhelms von Ockham in zwei unbeachteten Handschriften in Lissabon und Tübingen’, Franciscan Studies 56 (1998), 291-305 [on MSS Lisboa Arquivo National da Torre do Tombo, Manuscritos da Livraria 447 and Tübingen Univ. Bibl. Mc. 128]&lt;br /&gt;
*  Carlos Steel, ‘Rational by participation. Aquinas and Ockham on the subject of the moral virtues’, Franciscan Studies 56 (1998), 359-382&lt;br /&gt;
*  Ignacio Miralbell, Guillermo de Ockham y su crítica lógico-pragmática al pensamiento realista, Cuadernos de Anuario Filosófico, Serie universitaria 56 (Pamplona, 1998)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Vladimir Richter &amp;amp; Gerhard Leibold, Unterwegs zum historischen Ockham, Mediaevalia Oenipontana 1 (Innsbruck, 1998) [cf. Collectanea Franciscana 69 (1999), 729-731]&lt;br /&gt;
*  Paul V. Spade, ‘Three Versions of Ockham’s Reductionist Program’, Franciscan Studies 56 (1998), 347-358&lt;br /&gt;
*  Takashi Shogimen, ‘William of Ockham and Guido Terreni’, History of Political Thought 19 (1998), 517-530&lt;br /&gt;
*  J.P. Beckmann, ‘Ockham, Ockhamismus, und Nominalismus: Spuren der Wirkungsgeschichte des Venerabilis Inceptors’, Franciscan Studies 56 (1998), 77-95&lt;br /&gt;
*  Orlando Todisco, Guglielmo d’Occam. Filosofo della contingenza, Classico delle Spirito-nuova serie (Padua, 1998)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Sigrid Müller, ‘Die Grenzen einer philosophischen Ethik bei William von Ockham’, in: Was ist Philosophie im Mittelalter?, Qu’est-ce que la philosophie au Moyen Age? What is Philosophy in the Middle Ages. Akten des X. Internationalen Kongresses für mittelalterliche Philosophie der Société Internationale pour l’Étude de la Philosophie Médiévale, 25. Bis 30. August 1997 in Erfurt, ed. Jan A. Aertsen &amp;amp; Andreas Speer, Miscellanea Medievalia, 26 (Berlin, 1998), 1041-1047&lt;br /&gt;
*  Laurence Renault, ‘Félicité humaine et conception de la philosophie chez Henri de Gand, Duns Scot et Guillaume d’Ockham’, in: Was ist Philosophie im Mittelalter?, Qu’est-ce que la philosophie au Moyen Age? What is Philosophy in the Middle Ages. Akten des X. Internationalen Kongresses für mittelalterliche Philosophie der Société Internationale pour l’Étude de la Philosophie Médiévale, 25. Bis 30. August 1997 in Erfurt, ed. Jan A. Aertsen &amp;amp; Andreas Speer, Miscellanea Medievalia, 26 (Berlin, 1998), 969-976&lt;br /&gt;
*  Arthur Gibson, ‘Ockham’s world and future’, in: Medieval Philosophy, ed. John Marenbon, Routledge History of Philosophy, 3 (London, 1998), 329-367&lt;br /&gt;
*  Marino Damiata, I problemi di G. d'Ockham, IV. L’uomo, Biblioteca di Studi Francescani (Florence, 1999) [also as Studi Francescani 96 (1999), 3-175.]&lt;br /&gt;
*  Jeannne Quillet, ‘Un exemple de nominalisme politique de la scolastique tardive: les doctrines de Guillaume d’Ockham’, in: Aspects de la pensée médiévale dans la philosophie politique moderne, ed. Y.Ch. Zarka (Paris, 1999), 61-66&lt;br /&gt;
*  Rega Wood, ‘Willing Wickedly: Ockham and Burley Compared’, Vivarium 37, 2 (1999), 72-93&lt;br /&gt;
*  Richard Cross, ‘Ockham on Part and Whole’, Vivarium 37, 2 (1999), 143-167&lt;br /&gt;
*  Bernardino de Armellada, ‘Guillermo de Ockham en la espiritualidad del siglo XIV’, Collectanea Franciscana 69 (1999), 79-106&lt;br /&gt;
*  Anne Ashley Davenport, Measure of a Different Greatness. The Intensive Infinite, 250-1650, Studien und Texte zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters LXVII (Leiden-Boston-Köln: Brill, 1999), esp. chapters Six and Seven&lt;br /&gt;
*  J. Briard, Guillaume d’Ockham et la théologie, Initiation au Moyen Âge (Paris: CERF, 1999)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Verena Epp, ‘Herrschaft und Eigentum bei Wilhelm von Ockham und John Locke’, Mittellateinisches Jahrbuch 34 (1999), 63-75&lt;br /&gt;
*  David Luscombe,  ‘William of Ockham and the Michaelists on Robert Grosseteste and Dennis the Areopagite’, in: The Medieval Church: Universities, Heresy, and Christian Life. Essays in Honour of Gordon Leff, ed. Peter Biller &amp;amp; Barrie Dobson, Studies in Church History, Subsidia, 11 (Woodbridge, 1999), 93-109&lt;br /&gt;
*  A. Maurer, The Philosophy of William of Ockham in the Light of Its Principles, PIMS Studies and Texts 133 (Toronto-Turnhout, 1999)&lt;br /&gt;
*  The Cambridge Companion to Ockham, ed. Paul Vincent Spade (Cambridge-New York, 1999) [contains several good introductory articles, for instance by W.J. Courtenay (‘The academic and intellectual worlds of Ockham’), J. Kilcullen (‘The Political Writings’), Marylin McCord Adams (‘Ockham on will, nature and morality’) , Calvin G. Normone (‘Some aspects of Ockham’s logic’), Claude Panaccio (‘Semantics and mental language’), David Chalmers (‘Is there synonymy in Ockham’s mental language?’), Elizabeth Karger (‘Ockham’s misunderstood theory of intuitive and abstractive congition’), Gyula Klima (‘Ockham’s semantics and ontology of the categories’), Alfred J. Freddoso (‘Ockham oon faith and reason’), André Goddu (‘Ockham’s philosophy of nature’), Arthur Stephen McGrade (‘Natural law and moral omnipotence’) etc.]&lt;br /&gt;
*  Andrea Tabarroni, ‘Francescanesimo e riflessione sino ad Ockham’, in: Etica e politica. Le teorie dei frati mendicanti nel Due e Trecento (Spoleto, 1999), 203-230&lt;br /&gt;
*  Jurgen Miethke, ‘La théorie politique de Guillaume d’Ockham’, in: Histoire de la philosophie politique II: Naissance de la modernité, ed. Alain Renaut (Paris, 1999), 87-125&lt;br /&gt;
*  Jürgen Goldstein, ‘Ockhams Beitrag zur modernen Rationalität’, Zeitschrift für philosophische Forschung 52 (1999), 399-414&lt;br /&gt;
*  Janet Coleman, ‘Ockham’s right reason and the genesis of the political as ‘Absolutist’’, History of Political Thought 20 (1999), 35-64&lt;br /&gt;
*  Beretta Beatrice, Ad Aliquid. La relation chez Guillaume d’Occam, Dokimion. Neue Schriftenreihe zur Freiburger Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Theologie 22 (Fribourg, 1999)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Alfonso Maierù, ‘‘Signum’ negli scritti filosofici e teologici fra XIII e XIV secolo’, in: Signum: IX Colloquio Internazionale Roma, 8-10 gennaio 1998, ed. Massimo Luigi Bianchi, Lessico intellettuale europeo, 77 (Florence, 1999), 119-141&lt;br /&gt;
*  André de Muralt, ‘La critique de la notion scotiste d’ esse objectivum, le ‘psychologisme’ et le ‘nominalisme’ occamiens’, in: Métaphysiques médiévales: Etudes en l’honneur d’André de Muralt, ed. Curzio Chiesa &amp;amp; Léo Freuler, Cahiers de la Revue de Théologie et de Philosophie, 20 (Lausanne: Revue de Théologie et de Théologie, 1999), 113-148&lt;br /&gt;
*  Alessandro Ghisalberti, ‘L’evoluzione degli studi sul sec. XIV: Duns Scoto, Ockham  e Buridano’, in : ‘Ob rogatum meorum sociorum’, 215-229&lt;br /&gt;
*  Joël Biard, Guillaume d’Ockham et la théologie, “Initiation au Moyen Âge” (Paris, Les Éditions du Cerf, 1999)&lt;br /&gt;
*  H.S. Offler. ‘The ‘influence’ of Ockham’s political thinking: The first century’, in: Idem, Church and Crown in the fourteenth century, art. No. X, 338-365&lt;br /&gt;
*  H.S. Offler, ‘The three modes of natural law in Ockham: A revision of the text’, in: Idem, Church and Crown in the fourteenth century, art. No. VIII, 207-216&lt;br /&gt;
*  H.S. Offler, ‘Zum Verfasser der ‘Allegaciones de potestate imperii” (1338)’, in: Idem, Church and Crown in the fourteenth century,  article no. VI, 555-619&lt;br /&gt;
*  H.S. Offler, ‘The origin of Ockham’s “Octo quaestiones’, in: Idem, Church and crown in the Fourteenth Century, article no. VII, 323-332&lt;br /&gt;
*  Sigrid Müller, Handeln in einer kontingenten Welt. Zu Begriff und Bedeutung der rechten Vernunft (recta ratio) bei Wilhelm von Ockham, Tübinger Studien zur Theologie und Philosophie, 18 (Tübingen - Basel, A. Francke, 2000)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Bernhard Töpfer, ‘Status innocentiae und Staatsentstehung bei Thomae von Aquin und Wilhelm von Ockham’, Mittellateinisches Jahrbuch 36,1 (2001), 113-129&lt;br /&gt;
*  Olga L. Larre, La filosofía natural de Ockham como fenomenología del individuo (Pamplona, Eunsa, 2000)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Carolina J. Fernández, ‘Guillermo de Ockham y el problerma de la causalidad’, Nuevo Mundo (Buenos Aires) 1 (2000), 239-255&lt;br /&gt;
*  Alexander Broadie, ‘Duns Scotus and William of Ockham’, in: The Medieval Theologians, ed. G.R. Evans (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), 250-265&lt;br /&gt;
*  Francisco Bertelloni, ‘Hipótesis de conflicto y casus necessitatis: Tomás de Aquino, Egidio Romano y Guillermo de Ockham’, Veritas 45/3 (2000), 393-410&lt;br /&gt;
*  Francesco Bottin, ‘La scienza secondo Guglielmo di Ockham’, in: A ciência e a organização dos saberes, 315-327&lt;br /&gt;
*  Luis E. Bacigalupo, ‘Sobre los modos del derecho natural en Ockham’, Nuevo Mundo (Buenos Aires) 1 (2000), 225-237&lt;br /&gt;
*  Alessandro Ghisalberti, ‘Il Dio dei filosofi e il Dio dei teologi in Guglielmo di Ockham’, Sapientia 55 (2000), 3-12&lt;br /&gt;
*  George Knysh, ‘Ockham’s first political treatise? The “Impugnatio constitutionum papae (April/May 1328)’, Franciscan Studies 58 (2000), 237-259&lt;br /&gt;
*  Jürgen Miethke, De potestate papae. Die päpstliche Amtskompetenz im Widerstreit der politischen Theorie von Thomas bis Wilhelm von Ockham, Spätmittelalter und Reformation. Neue Reihe 16 (Tübingen, 2000). [See reviews in Collectanea Francescana 72:1-2 (2002), 394-400&lt;br /&gt;
*  Archivum Franciscanum Historicum 94 (2001), 230-238]&lt;br /&gt;
*  H.H. Bleakley, ‘Some additional thoughts on Ockham’s right reason: an addendum to Coleman’, History of Political Thought 21:4 (2000), 565-605&lt;br /&gt;
*  Ellie Ragland, ‘The supposed nominalism of William of Ockham and the Lacanian real’, in: Medievalism and the Academy, II, ed. David D. Metzger, Studies in Medievalism, 10 (Cambridge, 2000), 92-103&lt;br /&gt;
*  Ludger Honnefelder, ‘Wilhelm von Ockham. Die Möglichkeit der Metaphysik’, in Philosophen des Mittelalters, ed. Theo Kobusch, 250-268&lt;br /&gt;
*  Robert Andrews, ‘The Defensorium Ockham: An edition’, Cahiers de l’Institut du Moyen-Âge grec et latin 71 (2000), 189-273&lt;br /&gt;
*  Robert Andrews, ‘The Defensorium Ockam: an edition’, Cahiers de l’Institut du Moyen-Âge grec et latin 71 (2000), 189-273&lt;br /&gt;
*  Sten Ebbesen, ‘A note on Ockham’s defender’, Cahiers de l’Institut du Moyen-Âge grec et latin 71 (2000), 275-277&lt;br /&gt;
*  Paola Müller, ‘Le ‘fallaciae in dictione’ in Guglielmo di Ockham’, Divus Thomas 103 (2000), 143-166&lt;br /&gt;
*  Holly Hamilton Bleakley, ‘Some additional thoughts on Ockham’s right reason: An Addendum to Coleman’, History of Political Thought 21 (2000), 565-605&lt;br /&gt;
*  Laurence Renault, ‘Guillaume d’Ockham et la distinction de la nature et de la surnature’, Revue Thomiste 109 (2001), 204-216&lt;br /&gt;
*  B. Töpfer, ‘Status innocentiae und Staatsentstehung bei Thomas von Aquino und Wilhelm von Ockham’, Mittellateinisches Jahrbuch 36 (2001), 113-129&lt;br /&gt;
*  Volker Leppin, ‘Ockham und die Prophetie. Beobachtungen zur Selbstwahrnehmung eines philosophischen Theologen’, Freiburger Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Theologie 48 (2001), 470-476&lt;br /&gt;
*  Francesco Sechi, Guglielmo d’Ockham. Premesse per la comprensione del suo pensiero politico-giuridico’, in: Multas per gentes. Studi in memoria di Enzo Cadoni (Sassari: Ed. Democratica Sarda, 2001), 337-353&lt;br /&gt;
* André Goddu, ‘The impact of Ockham’s reading of the ‘Physics’ on the Mertonians aand Parisian Terminists’, Early Science and Medicine 6 (2001), 204-237&lt;br /&gt;
*  Girard J. Etzkorn, ‘Ockham at Avignon: his response to critics’, Franciscan Studies 59 (2001), 9-19&lt;br /&gt;
*  Guy Geltner, ‘Eden Regained: William of Ockham and the Franciscan Return to Paradise’, Franciscan Studies 59 (2001), 63-89&lt;br /&gt;
*  Matthias Kaufmann, ‘Gottes Allmacht und die Wahrheit modaler Sätze. Potentialität und Possibilität bei Wilhelm von Ockham’, in: Potentialität und Possibilität. Modalaussagen in der Geschichte der Metaphysik, ed. Thomas Buchheim, Corneille Henri Kneepkens &amp;amp; Kuno Lorenz (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, 2001), 201-217&lt;br /&gt;
*  Mário Santiago de Carvalho, ‘Para la historia de la posibilidad y de la libertad. Juan Duns Escoto, Guillermo de Ockham y Enrique de Gante’, in: Idem, Estudios sobre Álvaro Pais e outros Franciscanos (séculos XIII-XV) (Lisbon, 2001), Chapter VII&lt;br /&gt;
*  Mário Santiago de Carvalho, ‘La teoria de la ‘suposición’ en la semántica ockhamista’, in: Idem, Estudios sobre Álvaro Pais e outros Franciscanos (séculos XIII-XV) (Lisbon, 2001), Chapter IX&lt;br /&gt;
*  Takashi Shogimen, ‘From disobedience to toleration: William of Ockham and the medieval discourse on fraternal correction’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 52 (2001), 599-622&lt;br /&gt;
*  Volker Leppin, ‘Ockham und die Prophetie. Beobachtungen zur Selbstwahrnehmung eines philosophischen Theologen’, Freiburger Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Theologie 48:1-2 (2001), 470-476&lt;br /&gt;
*  Christian Rode, ‘Sein oder Nichtsein. Hervaeus Natalis und Wilhelm von Ockham über den ens rationis’, in: Umbrüche: Historische Wendepunkte der Philosophie von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart. Festschrift für Kurt Flasch zu seinem 70. Geburtstag, ed. Klaus Kahnert &amp;amp; Burkhard Mojsisch (Amsterdam, 2001), 77-97&lt;br /&gt;
*  Sharon M. Kaaye &amp;amp; Robert M. Martin, On Ockham (Belmont CA: Wadsworth, 2001)&lt;br /&gt;
*  José Miguel López Cuétara, ‘Algunos conceptos filosóficos en Guillermo de Ockham’, Verdad y Vida 59 (2001), 535-540&lt;br /&gt;
*  Richard Gaskin, ‘Ockham’s mental language, connotation, and the inherence regress’, in: Ancient and medieval theories of intentionality, ed. Dominick Perler, Studien und Texte zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters, 76 (Leiden-New York-Boston: Brill, 2001), 227-263&lt;br /&gt;
*  Yiwei Zheng, ‘Ockham’s connotation theory and ontological elimination’, Journal of Philosophical Research 26 (2001), 623-634&lt;br /&gt;
*  Joël Biard, ‘Intention et presence: la notion de presentalitas au XIVe siècle’, in: Ancient and Medieval Theories of Intentionality, ed. Dominik Perler, Studien und Texte zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters, 76 (Leiden: Brill, 2001), 265-282&lt;br /&gt;
*  Pedro Leite Júnior, O problema dos universais: a perspectiva de Boécio, Abelardo e Ockham, Filosofia, 162 (Porte Alegre: EDIPUCRS, 2001)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Fernando Domínguez Ruiz, Naturaleza y libertad en Guillermo de Ockham, Diss. (Pamplona, 2001)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Hubert Schröckner, Das Verhältnis der Allmacht Gottes zum Kontradiktionsprinzip nach Wilhelm von Ockham, Diss. (Munich, 2001)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Richard A. Lee Jr., ‘Being skeptical about skepticism: methodological themes concerning Ockham’s alleged skepticism’, Vivarium 39 (2001), 1-19&lt;br /&gt;
*  Marcin Karas, ‘Koncepcja czasu w Tractatus de praedestinatione Wilhelma Ockhama’, Acta Mediaevalia 15 (2002), 107-116 [Theory of time in Ockham’s Tractatus de Praedestinatione]&lt;br /&gt;
*  Dominik Perler, Theorien der Intentionalität im Mittelalter, Philosophische Abhandlungen, 82 (Frankfurt a.M: Klostermann, 2002). [a.o. Olivi, Dietrich von Freiburg, Duns Scotus, Aureol, Ockham, Wodeham]&lt;br /&gt;
*  André de Muralt, L’unité de la philosophie politique. De Scot, Occam et Suárez au liberalisme contemporain, Bibliothèque d’histoire de la philosophie (Paris: Vrin, 2002) [cf. Review by André Côté in Science et Esprit 56 (2004), 211-219]&lt;br /&gt;
*  Alfonso Flórez, La filosofía del lenguaje de Ockham. (Exposición critica e interpretación cognitiva) (Albolote (Granada) Comares – Bogotá: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 2002)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Brian Tierney, L’idea dei diritti naturali. Diritti naturali, legge naturale e diritto canonico, 1150-1625, Collezione di testi e studi (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2002). [a.o. on Ockham]&lt;br /&gt;
*  Francisco J. Fortuny, ‘Guillermo de Ockham’, in: La filosofía medieval, ed. Francisco Bertelloni &amp;amp; Giannina Burlando, Enciclopedia Ibero-Americano de Filosofía (Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 2002), 217-236&lt;br /&gt;
*  A. Maurer, The Philosophy of Williamk of Ockham in the Light of its Principles, Reprint (Turnhout: Brepols – Toronto: PIMS, 2002)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Maria Gabriella Martini, ‘La verità scientifica negli stoici e in Ockham. Un accostamento possibile?’, Studi Francescani 99 (2002), 231-252&lt;br /&gt;
*  Ernesto Perini-Santos, ‘L’extension de la liste des modalités dans les commentaires du ‘Perihermeneias’ et des ‘Sophistici Elenchi’ de Guillaume d’Ockham’, Vivarium 40 (2002), 174-188&lt;br /&gt;
*  Aurélien Robert, ‘L’explication causale selon Guillaume d’Ockham’, Quaestio 2 (2002), 241-265&lt;br /&gt;
*  Marino Damiata, ‘Il Burleo ed Ockham’, Studi Francescani 99 (2002), 5-35&lt;br /&gt;
*  José Antonio de C.R. de Souza, ‘Guillermo de Ockham y el dualismo politico’, in: La filosofía medieval, ed. Francisco Bertelloni &amp;amp; Giannina Burlando (Enciclopedia Ibero-Americano de Filosofía (Madrid: Trotta, 2002), 263-284&lt;br /&gt;
*  Laurence Renault, ‘L’assimilation du connu au connaissant dans la tradition aristotélicienne et sa critique par Guillaume d’Ockham’, in: Le contemplateur et les idées. Modèles de la science divine, du néoplatonisme au XVIIIe siècle, ed. Olivier Boulnois et al. (Paris: Vrin, 2002), 171-183&lt;br /&gt;
*  Edith Dudley Sylla, ‘Creation and nature’, in: The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Philosophy, 171-195&lt;br /&gt;
*  Annabel S. Brett, ‘Political philosophy’, in: The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Philosophy, 176-299&lt;br /&gt;
*  Angelo Pellegrini, Guglielmo di Occam fra logica e assoluto (Bari: Edizioni Giuseppe Laterza, 2002)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Cyrille Michon, ‘Omniscience, liberté humaine et immutabilité divine, remarques à partir du ‘Tractatus’ de Guillaume d’Ockham’, in: Le contemplateur et les idées. Modèles de la science divine, du néoplatonisme au XVIIIe siècle, ed. Olivier Boulnois et al. (Paris: Vrin, 2002), 149-169&lt;br /&gt;
*  Volker Leppin, ‘Wilhelm von Ockham. Theologie zwischen Philosophie, Politik und prophetischen Anspruch’, in: Theologen des Mittelalters. Eine Einführung, ed. Ulrich Köpf (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2002), 182-196&lt;br /&gt;
*  Volker Leppin, ‘Vom Sinn des Jüngsten Gerichts. Beobachtungen zur Lehre von der ‘visio’ bei Johannes XXII. und Ockham’, in: Ende und Vollendung. Eschatologische Perspektiven im Mittelalter, ed. Jan A, Aertsen &amp;amp; Martin Pickavé, Miscellanea Mediaevalia, 29 (Berlin-New York: De Gruyter, 2002), 705-717&lt;br /&gt;
*  Günther Mensching, ‘Das Ende und der Wille Gottes. Teleologie und Eschatologie bei Wilhelm von Ockham’, in: Ende und Vollendung. Eschatologische Perspektiven im Mittelalter, ed. Jan A, Aertsen &amp;amp; Martin Pickavé, Miscellanea Mediaevalia, 29 (Berlin-New York: De Gruyter, 2002), 465-477&lt;br /&gt;
*  Lorenzo Vicente Burgoa, ‘Abstracción e intuición en Guillermo de Ockham o la encruijada entre el pensamiento medieval y la filosofía moderna’, Estudios Filosóficos 51 (2002), 223-256&lt;br /&gt;
*  Carolina J. Fernández, ‘Facticidad y legalidad en la teoría ockhamista de la propiedad’, Patristica et Mediaevalia 23 (2002), 65-101&lt;br /&gt;
*  Esteban Peña Eguren, ‘La relación entre razón y fe en Guillermo de Ockham. La necesaria economía en el desir sobre Dios’, Ciudad de Dios 215 (2002), 529-556&lt;br /&gt;
*  In-Kyu Song, Divine Foreknowledge and Necessity: An Ockhamist Response to the Dilemma of God’s Foreknowledge and Human Freedom (Landham MD – New York – Oxford: Oxford University Press of America, 2002)&lt;br /&gt;
*  &lt;br /&gt;
Allan B. Wolter, Scotus and Ockham: Selected Essays (St. Bonaventure NY, 2003)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Dominik  Perler, ‘Ockhams Tranformation der Transzendentalien’, in: Die Logik des Transzendentalen: Festschrift für Jan A. Aertsen zum 65. Geburtstag, ed. Martin Pickavé, Miscellanea Mediaevalia, 30 (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2003),  361-382&lt;br /&gt;
*  Severin Valentinov Kitanov, ‘Displeasure in heaven, pleasure in hell: four Franciscan masters on the relationship between love and pleasure, and hatred and displeasure’, Traditio 58 (2003), 284-340&lt;br /&gt;
*  John Scott, ‘William of Ockham and the lawyers revisited’, in: Rhetoric and Renewal in the Latin West, 1100-1540, 169-182[ Ockham’s views on canon lawyers]&lt;br /&gt;
*  Annabel S. Brett, ‘Political Philosophy’, in: The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Philosophy, 176-299&lt;br /&gt;
*  Timothy B. Noone, ‘William of Ockham’, in: A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages, ed. Jorge J.E. Gracia &amp;amp; Timothy B. Noone, Blackwell Companions to Philosophy, 24 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003),  696-712&lt;br /&gt;
*  Hans Kraml &amp;amp; Gerhard Leibold, Wilhelm von Ockham, Zugänge zum Denken des Mittelalters, 1 (Münster: Aschendorff Verlag, 2003)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Hubert Schröcker, Das Verhältnis der Allmacht Gottes zum Kontradiktionsprinzip nach Wilhelm von Ockham, Münchener Universitätsschriften Kath.-Theol. Fakultät, Veröffentlichungen des Grabmann-Instituts, 49 (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 2003) [review in CF 75 (2005), 419-422]&lt;br /&gt;
*  Angelo Pellegrini, Guilielmo di Occam fra tempo ed eterno (Bari: Ed. Giuseppe Laterza, 2003)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Michael J. Cholbi, ‘Contingency and divine knowledge in Ockham’, American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly 77:1 (2003), 81-91&lt;br /&gt;
*  Volker Leppin, Wilhelm von Ockham, Gelehrter, Streiter, Bettelmönch (Darmstadt, 2003)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Elzbieta Jung-Palczewska, ‘Krótkie kwestie teologiczne dwóch przedstawicieli szkoly franciszkánskiej XIV wieku – Piotra Aureoli i Wilhelma Ochama’, Przeglad Tomistyczny 9 (2003), 199-213&lt;br /&gt;
*  Claude Panaccio, Ockham on Concepts, Ashgate Studies in Medieval Philosophy(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004)&lt;br /&gt;
*  David Strong, ‘The questions asked: the answers given: Langland, Scotus, and Ockham’, Chaucer Review 38:3 (2004), 255-275&lt;br /&gt;
*  Martin Lenz, ‘Oratio Mentalis und Mentalesisch. Ein spätmittelalterlicher Blick auf die gegenwärtige Philosophie des Geistes’, in: Herbst des Mittelalters. Fragen zur bewertung des 14. und 15. Jahrhunderts, ed. Jan A. Aertsen &amp;amp; Martin Pickavé, Miscellanea Mediaevalia, 31 (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2004), 105-130&lt;br /&gt;
*  Christoph Flüeller, ‘Acht Fragen über die Herrschaft des Papstes. Lupold von Bebenburg und Wilhelm von Ockham im Kontext’, in: Politische Reflexion in der Welt des späten Mittelalters/Political Thought in the Ages of Scholasticism. Essays in Honour of Jürgen Miethke, ed. Martin Kaufhold, Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions: History, Culture, Religion, Ideas, 103 (Leiden: Brill, 2004), 225-246&lt;br /&gt;
*  Volker Leppin, ‘Biographie und Theologie am Beispiel Wilhelms von Ockham’, Archa Verbi. Yearbook for the Study of Medieval Theology 1 (2004), 128-142&lt;br /&gt;
*  Mirko Breitenstein, “Vos enim in libertatem vocatis estis’. Beobachtungen zur Konzeption politischer Freiheit im ‘Dialogus’ des Wilhalm von Ockham’, in: Studia Monastica. Beiträge zum klösterlichen Leben im christlichen Abendland während des Mittelalters, ed. Reinhardt Butz &amp;amp; Jörg Oberste, Vita regularis, 22 (Münster: LIT Verlag, 2004), 151-170&lt;br /&gt;
*  Joshua Rayman, ‘Ockham’s theory of natural signification’, Franciscan Studies 63 (2005), 289-323&lt;br /&gt;
*  Jürgen Miethke, Ai confronti del potere. Il dibattito sulla potestas papale da Tommaso d’Aquino a Guglielmo d’Ockham, Fonti e ricerche, 19 (Padua: Efr-Editrici Francescane, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Takashi Shogimen, ‘William of Ockham and conceptions of heresy, c. 1250-c. 1350’, in: Heresy in Transition. Transforming Ideas of Heresy in Medieval and Early Modern Europe, ed. Ian Hunter, John  Christian Laursen &amp;amp; Cary J. Nederman, Catholic Christendom, 1300-1700 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;
*  Takashi Shogimen, ‘Defending Christian fellowship: William of Ockham and the crisis of the medieval church’, History of Political Thought 26:4 (2005), 607-624&lt;br /&gt;
*  Thomas M. Osborne Jr., ‘Ockham as a divine-command theorist’, Religious Studies 41:1 (2005), 1-22&lt;br /&gt;
*  Mikko Yrjönsuuri, ‘William Ockham and mental language’, in: Representation and Objects of Thought in Medieval Philosophy, Ashgate Studies in Medieval Philosophy (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Links ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://courses.ed.asu.edu/brem/HistoryAndSystems/ockham.excerpt.pdf Translation] of Ockham's commentary on [[On Interpretation]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Philosophers]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;overflow:auto;height:1px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bcmp Pages:=17]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Birth Date:=1288]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Flourished:=1323]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Birth_Country_Name:=England]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Death Date:=1347 ]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Death_City:=Munich]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Death_Country_Name:=Germany]] &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Notes==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum&amp;diff=137028</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum&amp;diff=137028"/>
		<updated>2011-05-26T16:36:42Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: /* Pages */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:Eternitythumbnail.jpg|thumb|right|340px]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The Logic Museum''' is devoted to the history of Logic up to and including the period of Frege and Russell. 'Traditional Logic' has a long history, and is much richer than implied by standard treatments of the subject (usually limited to a cursory discussion of the syllogistic moods, and the [[Square of opposition]]). The site is still under construction, but includes online texts not available elsewhere, links to other history of logic sites, and a discussion page.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==What's new==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thanks to both Googlepages and Geocities closing down their free sites, the whole of the Logic Museum is now moving here. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''October 12 2010''. The new site is [http://www.logicmuseum.com here ].  It will be for parallel texts and discussions.  This site will remain for biographies and other material best suited to a wiki format.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''October 31 2009''. I have scanned in Albertus' Commentary [[Directory:Logic Museum/Albertus Magnus: Commentary on the Metaphysics|Commentary on the Metaphysics]] and have started to upload it (it is a massive work of over 700 pages).  The text is mostly uncorrected, except for the first few tracts. Over the coming year I will be correcting the text.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Pages ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[image:Bruckerfrontpicthumbnail.jpg|thumb|right|340px]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/William of Ockham|William of Ockham]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[List of medieval philosophers]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Philosophers who flourished around the thirteenth century]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Commentaries on the Sentences (Ockham)|Commentaries on the Sentences (Ockham)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Boethius' Translation of the Perihermenias|Boethius' Translation of the Perihermenias]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Afterlife|Afterlife]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/sandbox|testing tables]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Commentaries on the Perihermenias|Commentaries on the Perihermenias]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/The_Square_of_Opposition|The Square of Opposition]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Oxford condemnations of 1277|Oxford condemnations of 1277]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Manuscripts|Manuscripts page]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Institutiones_grammaticae_(Priscian)|Institutiones grammaticae (Priscian)]], &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Syncategoremata|Syncategoremata]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Auctoritates Aristotelis]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_(Ockham)|Summa Logicae (Ockham)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Oxford University (Medieval)]] / [[Cambridge University (Medieval)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sophismata]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Organisations and Journals ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/SIEPM|SIEPM]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Medieval Philosophy and Theology|Medieval Philosophy and Theology]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Categories ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.mywikibiz.com/Category:Medievalists Medievalists]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.mywikibiz.com/Category:Medieval_Websites Medieval websites]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.mywikibiz.com/Category:Medieval_philosophy_secondary_sources Secondary sources]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[List of Scholastic Texts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[List_of_medieval_manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.mywikibiz.com/Category:Sophismata Sophismata]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.mywikibiz.com/Category:Logic_Museum_Parallel_Texts Logic Museum Parallel Texts]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== In mainspace ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Commentaries on Peter Lombard's Sentences]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[On Interpretation]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Square of opposition]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The famous Logic Museum LATIN SITE SEARCHER==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;embed&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;FORM method=get action=&amp;quot;http://www.google.ca/search&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;INPUT name=&amp;quot;q&amp;quot; type=&amp;quot;text&amp;quot; accesskey=&amp;quot;f&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;INPUT type=&amp;quot;submit&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;input type=&amp;quot;hidden&amp;quot; name=&amp;quot;domains&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;http://www.mywikibiz.com&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;http://www.mywikibiz.com/Directory:Logic_Museum&amp;quot; checked/&amp;gt;The Logic Museum&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;www.niagara.edu/aquinas&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Aquinas Project&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;www.augustinus.it/latino&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Augustini Opera Omnia&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;www.binetti.ru/bernardus&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bernard of Clairveux&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;www.fh-augsburg.de&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bibliotheca Augustana&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;www.corpusthomisticum.org&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Corpus Thomisticum&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;www.philological.bham.ac.uk/bibliography&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dana Sutton's database of neo-latin texts&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;www.forumromanum.org/literature&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Forum Romanorum&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;www.franciscan-archive.org&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Franciscan.org (Bonaventura and Lombard)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;plato.stanford.edu/entries/francis-marchia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Francis of Marchia&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;Google&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Google&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;ccat.sas.upenn.edu/jod&amp;quot;&amp;gt;James J. O'Donnell's page (Augustine &amp;amp; Boethius)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;thelatinlibrary.com&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Latin Library&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;individual.utoronto.ca/pking/resources&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Peter King's Website&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;www.ucy.ac.cy/isa/Candia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Peter of Candia&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;rrp.stanford.edu&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Richard Rufus Project&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;homepage.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/Michael.Renemann/suarez&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Suarez Disputationes Metaphysicae (Renemann)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;perso.wanadoo.es/v963918818&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Suarez Disputationes Metaphysicae (Castellote)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;home.riise.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~akyah59&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Summa Logicae (Ockham)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;www.tertullian.org&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The Tertullian Project&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;www.grexlat.com/biblio/vives&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Iohannes Lodovicus Vives&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;www.latinvulgate.com&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Vulgate&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/FORM&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/embed&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum&amp;diff=137027</id>
		<title>Directory:Logic Museum</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://mywikibiz.com/index.php?title=Directory:Logic_Museum&amp;diff=137027"/>
		<updated>2011-05-26T16:36:22Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ockham: /* Pages */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:Eternitythumbnail.jpg|thumb|right|340px]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The Logic Museum''' is devoted to the history of Logic up to and including the period of Frege and Russell. 'Traditional Logic' has a long history, and is much richer than implied by standard treatments of the subject (usually limited to a cursory discussion of the syllogistic moods, and the [[Square of opposition]]). The site is still under construction, but includes online texts not available elsewhere, links to other history of logic sites, and a discussion page.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==What's new==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thanks to both Googlepages and Geocities closing down their free sites, the whole of the Logic Museum is now moving here. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''October 12 2010''. The new site is [http://www.logicmuseum.com here ].  It will be for parallel texts and discussions.  This site will remain for biographies and other material best suited to a wiki format.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''October 31 2009''. I have scanned in Albertus' Commentary [[Directory:Logic Museum/Albertus Magnus: Commentary on the Metaphysics|Commentary on the Metaphysics]] and have started to upload it (it is a massive work of over 700 pages).  The text is mostly uncorrected, except for the first few tracts. Over the coming year I will be correcting the text.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Pages ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[image:Bruckerfrontpicthumbnail.jpg|thumb|right|340px]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/William of Ockham]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[List of medieval philosophers]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Philosophers who flourished around the thirteenth century]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Commentaries on the Sentences (Ockham)|Commentaries on the Sentences (Ockham)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Boethius' Translation of the Perihermenias|Boethius' Translation of the Perihermenias]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Afterlife|Afterlife]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/sandbox|testing tables]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Commentaries on the Perihermenias|Commentaries on the Perihermenias]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/The_Square_of_Opposition|The Square of Opposition]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Oxford condemnations of 1277|Oxford condemnations of 1277]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Manuscripts|Manuscripts page]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Institutiones_grammaticae_(Priscian)|Institutiones grammaticae (Priscian)]], &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Syncategoremata|Syncategoremata]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Auctoritates Aristotelis]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic_Museum/Summa_Logicae_(Ockham)|Summa Logicae (Ockham)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Oxford University (Medieval)]] / [[Cambridge University (Medieval)]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sophismata]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Organisations and Journals ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/SIEPM|SIEPM]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Medieval Philosophy and Theology|Medieval Philosophy and Theology]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Categories ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.mywikibiz.com/Category:Medievalists Medievalists]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.mywikibiz.com/Category:Medieval_Websites Medieval websites]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.mywikibiz.com/Category:Medieval_philosophy_secondary_sources Secondary sources]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[List of Scholastic Texts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[List_of_medieval_manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.mywikibiz.com/Category:Sophismata Sophismata]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.mywikibiz.com/Category:Logic_Museum_Parallel_Texts Logic Museum Parallel Texts]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== In mainspace ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Commentaries on Peter Lombard's Sentences]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[On Interpretation]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Square of opposition]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The famous Logic Museum LATIN SITE SEARCHER==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;embed&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;FORM method=get action=&amp;quot;http://www.google.ca/search&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;INPUT name=&amp;quot;q&amp;quot; type=&amp;quot;text&amp;quot; accesskey=&amp;quot;f&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;INPUT type=&amp;quot;submit&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;input type=&amp;quot;hidden&amp;quot; name=&amp;quot;domains&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;http://www.mywikibiz.com&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;http://www.mywikibiz.com/Directory:Logic_Museum&amp;quot; checked/&amp;gt;The Logic Museum&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;www.niagara.edu/aquinas&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Aquinas Project&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;www.augustinus.it/latino&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Augustini Opera Omnia&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;www.binetti.ru/bernardus&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bernard of Clairveux&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;www.fh-augsburg.de&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bibliotheca Augustana&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;www.corpusthomisticum.org&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Corpus Thomisticum&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;www.philological.bham.ac.uk/bibliography&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dana Sutton's database of neo-latin texts&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;www.forumromanum.org/literature&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Forum Romanorum&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;www.franciscan-archive.org&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Franciscan.org (Bonaventura and Lombard)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;plato.stanford.edu/entries/francis-marchia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Francis of Marchia&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;Google&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Google&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;ccat.sas.upenn.edu/jod&amp;quot;&amp;gt;James J. O'Donnell's page (Augustine &amp;amp; Boethius)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;thelatinlibrary.com&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Latin Library&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;individual.utoronto.ca/pking/resources&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Peter King's Website&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;www.ucy.ac.cy/isa/Candia&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Peter of Candia&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;rrp.stanford.edu&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Richard Rufus Project&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;homepage.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/Michael.Renemann/suarez&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Suarez Disputationes Metaphysicae (Renemann)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;perso.wanadoo.es/v963918818&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Suarez Disputationes Metaphysicae (Castellote)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;home.riise.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~akyah59&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Summa Logicae (Ockham)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;www.tertullian.org&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The Tertullian Project&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;www.grexlat.com/biblio/vives&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Iohannes Lodovicus Vives&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;www.latinvulgate.com&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Vulgate&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/FORM&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/embed&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ockham</name></author>
	</entry>
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