Difference between revisions of "Directory:Josip Broz Tito"

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'''Josip Broz Tito''' (1892–1980) was a Croatian politician. This article is about a contemporary view of the Balkan ''Dictator'' Josip Broz Tito.  There is no cold war [[Communists|communist]] rhetoric here, rather a critical look at this historic individual.  
 
'''Josip Broz Tito''' (1892–1980) was a Croatian politician. This article is about a contemporary view of the Balkan ''Dictator'' Josip Broz Tito.  There is no cold war [[Communists|communist]] rhetoric here, rather a critical look at this historic individual.  
  
−
''Josip Broz'' was born in the [[Austria|Austro]]-Hungarian Empire, now Croatia, and was the Commander of all Partisans and Communists during [[World War Two]]. He later became Yugoslavia's political leader and was the main decision maker in military and political matters. He was President for Life of Yugoslavia and played a crucial, if not the main role, in historical events of that country. He was considered by many to be, one of the prominent Eastern European Balkan Dictators of the Cold War Era.
+
''Josip Broz'' was born in the [[Austria|Austro]]-Hungarian Empire, now Croatia (a former republic of Yugoslavia) and was the Commander of all Partisans and Communists during [[World War Two]]. He later became Yugoslavia's political leader and was the main decision maker in military and political matters. He was President for Life of Yugoslavia and played a crucial, if not the main role, in historical events of that country. He was considered by many to be, one of the prominent Eastern European Balkan Dictators of the Cold War era. He also was a member of the infamous Soviet Police-NKVD.
  
−
Following are some of his many roles;
+
He is a controversial historical figure in the Balkans.
 +
 
 +
'''Following''' are some of his many roles;
 
*The Prime Minister of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.  
 
*The Prime Minister of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.  
 
*Secretary-General of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1939–80).
 
*Secretary-General of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1939–80).
Line 13: Line 15:
  
 
After the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of Yugoslavia, factual evidence has emerged that Josip Broz and the Yugoslav regime were actually responsible for executing mass murders, arrests and torture. The worst of these events are the;  
 
After the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of Yugoslavia, factual evidence has emerged that Josip Broz and the Yugoslav regime were actually responsible for executing mass murders, arrests and torture. The worst of these events are the;  
−
*Way of the Cross massacres<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=27516&lang=en|title=Hrcak Portal of Scientific Journals of Croatia:|}} An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg & Way of the Cross. '''Scientific''' Journal by Zdravko Dizdar [http://www.unizg.hr/homepage/ University of Zagreb].
+
*Way of the Cross massacres<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=27516&lang=en|title=Hrcak Portal of Scientific Journals of Croatia:|}} An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg & Way of the Cross. '''Scientific''' Journal by Zdravko Dizdar/ [http://www.unizg.hr/homepage/ University of Zagreb].
−
* An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg & '''Way of the Cross'''. This paper dedicated to the 60th anniversary of these tragic events represents a small step towards the elaboration of known data and brings a list of yet unknown and unpublished original documents, mostly belonging to the '''Yugoslavian Military''' and Political Government 1945-1947. Amongst those documents are those mostly relating to Croatian territory although a majority of concentration camps and '''execution sites''' were outside of Croatia, in other parts of Yugoslavia. The author hopes that the readers will receive a complete picture about events related to ''Bleiburg'' and the ''Way of The Cross'' and the suffering of numerous Croats, which is confirmed directly in many documents and is related to the execution of a person or a whole group of people and sometimes non-stop for days.</ref>
+
* "An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg & '''Way of the Cross'''. This paper dedicated to the 60th anniversary of these tragic events represents a small step towards the elaboration of known data and brings a list of yet unknown and unpublished original documents, mostly belonging to the '''Yugoslavian Military''' and Political Government 1945-1947. Amongst those documents are those mostly relating to Croatian territory although a majority of concentration camps and '''execution sites''' were outside of Croatia, in other parts of Yugoslavia. The author hopes that the readers will receive a complete picture about events related to ''Bleiburg'' and the ''Way of The Cross'' and the suffering of numerous Croats, which is confirmed directly in many documents and is related to the execution of a person or a whole group of people and sometimes non-stop for days."</ref>
−
*Bleiburg massacre
+
*Bleiburg massacre<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZK2WE_2H3UEC&pg=PA168&dq=Bleiburg+massacre&hl=en&ei=kbsiTJ-MDIHJcc2kzIkF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q&f=false Identity Politics in the Age of Genocide:] The Holocaust and Historical ''by'' David B. MacDonald. Page 168.
−
*Foibe massacres.  
+
* "The Partisans also carried out massacres, best known being at '''Bleiburg''' (Austria), where retreating Croatian and Slovenian forces and their families were massacred."</ref>
−
 
+
*Foibe massacres  
 +
'''During''' the Bleiburg & Way of the Cross massacres in 1945/46 the ''Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia'' commission by  government of the [[Slovenia|Republic of Slovenia]], discovered and detected 581 mass graves in which, the estimates about 100 000 victims in total. <ref>[http://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/ www.jutarnji.hr]  U 581 Grobnici je 100.000 žrtava. [http://translate.google.com.au/translate?hl=en&sl=hr&u=http://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/&ei=8x3BS-n7MYH-6QP17L3CCQ&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAcQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den-us English version:] The Jutarnji newspaper reported on the 01/10/2009 '''commissions find''', in all it is estimated that there are 100 000 victims in 581 mass graves</ref>  The killings were executed by the Yugoslav Paritsian Army.
 
Additionally there is the ethnic cleansing of Germans, Hungarians and Italians of the former Yugoslavia.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=lang_en&id=RWZLZaxPUXQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA8&ots=xdn2wNxBWP&sig=WN_VKCu5q6lVUOsSoxHdPJGiB-w#v=snippet&q=killed&f=false Communist Retaliation and Persecution on Yugoslav Territory During and After WWII] by Dr. Ph. Michael Portmann:
 
Additionally there is the ethnic cleansing of Germans, Hungarians and Italians of the former Yugoslavia.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=lang_en&id=RWZLZaxPUXQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA8&ots=xdn2wNxBWP&sig=WN_VKCu5q6lVUOsSoxHdPJGiB-w#v=snippet&q=killed&f=false Communist Retaliation and Persecution on Yugoslav Territory During and After WWII] by Dr. Ph. Michael Portmann:
−
*The following article deals with repressive measures undertaken by communist-dominated Partisan forces during and especially after WWII in order to take revenge on former enemies, to punish collaborators, and “people’s enemies“ and to decimate and eliminate the potential of opponents to a new, socialist Yugoslavia. The text represents a summary of a master thesis referring to the above-mentioned topic written and accepted at '''Vienna University''' in 2002</ref>
+
*"The following article deals with repressive measures undertaken by communist-dominated Partisan forces during and especially after World War Two. The text represents a summary of a master thesis referring to the above-mentioned topic written and accepted at '''Vienna University''' in 2002"</ref>
  
−
*Informatiom from '''Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity'''. Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005:
+
*Information from '''Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity'''. Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005:
−
{{Cquote|''Native German and Hungarian communities, seen as complicit with wartime occupation, were brutally treated; tantamount in some cases to ethnic cleansing. The Volksdeutsch settlements of Vojvodina and Slavonia largely disappeared. Perhaps 100,000 people—half the ethnic German population in Yugoslavia—fled in 1945, and many who remained were compelled to do forced Labour, murdered, or later ransomed by West Germany. Some 20,000 Hungarians of Vojvodina were killed in reprisals. Albanian rebellions in Kosovo were suppressed, with prisoners sent on death marches towards the coast. An estimated 170,000 ethnic Italians fled to Italy in the late 1940s and 1950s.'' (All of these figures are highly approximate.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enotes.com/genocide-encyclopedia/yugoslavia |title=www.enotes.com "Yugoslavia." Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005. eNotes.com. 2006. 26 Jun, 2010|}} Yugoslavia: Genocide & Crimes Against Humanity (Mark Thompson).
+
{{Cquote|''Native [[Germany|German]] and Hungarian communities, seen as complicit with wartime occupation, were brutally treated; tantamount in some cases to ethnic cleansing. The Volksdeutsch settlements of Vojvodina and Slavonia largely disappeared. Perhaps 100,000 people—half the ethnic German population in Yugoslavia—fled in 1945, and many who remained were compelled to do forced Labour, murdered, or later ransomed by West Germany. Some 20,000 Hungarians of Vojvodina were killed in reprisals. Albanian rebellions in Kosovo were suppressed, with prisoners sent on death marches towards the coast. An estimated 170,000 ethnic Italians fled to [[Italy]] in the late 1940s and 1950s.'' (All of these figures are highly approximate.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enotes.com/genocide-encyclopedia/yugoslavia|title=www.enotes.com "Yugoslavia." Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005. eNotes.com. 2006. 26 Jun, 2010|}} Yugoslavia: Genocide & Crimes Against Humanity (Mark Thompson).
−
*The killing continued after the war, as Tito's victorious forces took revenge on their real and perceived enemies. British forces in Austria turned back tens of thousands of fleeing Yugoslavs. Estimates range from 30,000 to 55,000 killed between spring and autumn 1945.
+
*"The killing continued after the war, as Tito's victorious forces took revenge on their real and perceived enemies. British forces in Austria turned back tens of thousands of fleeing Yugoslavs. Estimates range from 30,000 to 55,000 killed between spring and autumn 1945."
 
</ref>}}
 
</ref>}}
−
The [[Titoism and Totalitarianism#Goli Otok|Goli Otok]] (Barren Island), a notorious prison on the Croatian coast, (former Yugoslavia’s Evil Island-Gulag) is where he imprisoned the regime’s enemies. The communist terror campaign lasted for about twenty years until the introduction of reforms in the 1960's.
+
The [[Titoism and Totalitarianism#Goli Otok|Goli Otok]] (Barren Island), a notorious prison on the Croatian coast, (former Yugoslavia’s Evil Island-Gulag) is where he imprisoned the regime’s enemies. Other camps that were used by the regime are KPH Zenica, Stare Gradiska and Sveti Grgur.
−
 
+
*Information from European Public Hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes" <ref>[http://www.mp.gov.si/fileadmin/mp.gov.si/pageuploads/2005/PDF/publikacije/Crimes_committed_by_Totalitarian_Regimes.pdf European Public Hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"] Reports and proceedings of the 8 April European public hearing on “Crimes committed by totalitarian regimes”, organised by the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the [[European Union]] (January–June 2008) and the European Commission.  
−
== Second Yugoslavia ==
 
−
 
 
−
Tito's greatest strength  was acquiring money from the West.
 
−
*Informatiom from ''Keeping Tito Afloat'' by Lorraine M. Lees:
 
−
{{Cquote|''After World War Two, the [[United States]] considered Yugoslavia to be a loyal Soviet satellite, but Tito surprised the West in 1948 by breaking with Stalin. Seizing this opportunity, the Truman administration sought to "keep Tito afloat" by giving him military and economic aid.''<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=MO0brh8EgdcC&pg=PR16&dq=Keeping+Tito+Afloat:+The+United+States,+Yugoslavia,+and+the+Cold+War+loans&hl=en&ei=0VB2TPu3GMWrcYbigY8G&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=loans&f=false Keeping Tito Afloat by Lorraine M. Lees:] 
 
−
*Keeping Tito Afloat draws upon newly declassified documents to show the critical role that Yugoslavia played in U.S. foreign policy with the communist world in the early years of the Cold War.</ref>}} This made it possible for the creation of the  "second Yugoslavia", a socialist, communist federation that lasted from World War Two until 1991. The West wanted to give support to Yugoslavia in opposition to the Soviet Union during the cold war. More money was given to Yugoslavia during the Cold war years than to Africa.
 
−
 
 
−
Josip Broz was a backer of independent roads to socialism. As such, he supported the policy of nonalignment between the two hostile blocs in the Cold War. Such successful diplomatic and economic policies allowed Tito to preside over the Yugoslav economic boom and the expansion of the 1960s and 70s however, his presidency and leadership were authoritarian and Dictatorial while his internal policies included the suppression of nationalist sentiment. He and the Communist Party of Yugoslavia promoted the "brotherhood and unity" of the six Yugoslav nations which was achieved by Communist Dictatorship policies (and propaganda).
 
−
 
 
−
*Informatiom from European Public Hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes" <ref>[http://www.mp.gov.si/fileadmin/mp.gov.si/pageuploads/2005/PDF/publikacije/Crimes_committed_by_Totalitarian_Regimes.pdf European Public Hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"] Reports and proceedings of the 8 April European public hearing on “Crimes committed  
 
−
by totalitarian regimes”, organised by the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of  
 
−
the [[European Union]] (January–June 2008) and the European Commission.  
 
 
'''Page 197'''. Joze Dezman:
 
'''Page 197'''. Joze Dezman:
 
COMMUNIST REPRESSION AND TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE IN SLOVENIA   
 
COMMUNIST REPRESSION AND TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE IN SLOVENIA   
  
−
'''Additional chapter''': COMMUNIST REPRESSION Of “INTERIOR ENEMIES” IN SLOVENIA  
+
'''Chapter''': COMMUNIST REPRESSION Of “INTERIOR ENEMIES” IN SLOVENIA  
−
*In the greater part of this paper, the author deals with individual repressive measures that Communist rule imposed in Slovenia in the period from the end of the war in 1945 until the beginning of the 1950s. In this period, the Communist authorities in Slovenia implemented all the forms of repression that were typical of states with Stalinist regimes. In Slovenia, it was a time of mass killings without court trials, and of concentration and labour camps. </ref>, page 197:
+
*"In the greater part of this paper, the author deals with individual repressive measures that Communist rule imposed in Slovenia in the period from the end of the war in 1945 until the beginning of the 1950s. In this period, the [[Communists|Communist]] authorities in Slovenia implemented all the forms of repression that were typical of states with Stalinist regimes. In Slovenia, it was a time of mass killings without court trials, and of concentration and labour camps." </ref>, page 197:
 
{{Cquote|
 
{{Cquote|
 
Totalitarian machines:  
 
Totalitarian machines:  
  
−
''Let us mention briefly Fascism, National Socialism and''' Titoism''' in Italy, Austria and Slovenia. Three Christian nations, with nationalist tendencies, were infected with totalitarianism. The descent into barbarism has comparable structural elements:''  
+
''Let us mention briefly Fascism, National Socialism and''' Titoism''' in Italy, [[Austria]] and Slovenia (a former republic of Yugoslavia) . Three Christian nations, with nationalist tendencies, were infected with totalitarianism. The descent into barbarism has comparable structural elements:''  
  
 
*Abuse of national sentiment to carry out racial and class revolutionary projects;
 
*Abuse of national sentiment to carry out racial and class revolutionary projects;
Line 57: Line 48:
 
*Aggressive assumption of power and struggle for territory.}}
 
*Aggressive assumption of power and struggle for territory.}}
 
'''Note''': [[Titoism and Totalitarianism|''Titoism'']] are political ideologies and government policies that dominated the history of the former Yugoslavia. Titoism as a ideology emerged after the Tito and Stalin split and was named after Josip Broz Tito.   
 
'''Note''': [[Titoism and Totalitarianism|''Titoism'']] are political ideologies and government policies that dominated the history of the former Yugoslavia. Titoism as a ideology emerged after the Tito and Stalin split and was named after Josip Broz Tito.   
−
*Informatiom from European Public Hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes", page 161:
+
*Information from European Public Hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes", page 161:
 
{{Cquote|
 
{{Cquote|
 
*''Property was confiscated, inhabitants were expelled from Slovenia/Yugoslavia and their residences, political and show trials were carried out, religion was repressed and the Catholic Church and its clergy were persecuted. At the beginning of the 1950s, [[Communists|Communist]] rule in Slovenia abandoned these forms of repression but was ready to reapply them if it felt threatened.''  
 
*''Property was confiscated, inhabitants were expelled from Slovenia/Yugoslavia and their residences, political and show trials were carried out, religion was repressed and the Catholic Church and its clergy were persecuted. At the beginning of the 1950s, [[Communists|Communist]] rule in Slovenia abandoned these forms of repression but was ready to reapply them if it felt threatened.''  
 
*''Thus the regime set up political and [[Talk:Titoism and Totalitarianism#Fake trials|show trials]] against certain more visible opponents later. In the case of an “emergency situation”, even the establishment of concentration camps was planned in Slovenia in 1968, where around 1,000 persons, of whom 10 % were women, would be interned for political reasons.''}}
 
*''Thus the regime set up political and [[Talk:Titoism and Totalitarianism#Fake trials|show trials]] against certain more visible opponents later. In the case of an “emergency situation”, even the establishment of concentration camps was planned in Slovenia in 1968, where around 1,000 persons, of whom 10 % were women, would be interned for political reasons.''}}
 +
 +
== Second Yugoslavia ==
 +
 +
Tito's greatest strength  was acquiring money from the West. This made it possible for the creation of the  "second Yugoslavia", a socialist, communist federation that lasted from 1945 until 1991. The West wanted to give support to Yugoslavia in opposition to the Soviet Union during the Cold War. More money was given to Yugoslavia during the Cold war years than to Africa.
 +
*Information from 'Keeping Tito Afloat' by  Lorraine M. Lees:
 +
{{Cquote|''After World War Two, the [[United States]] considered Yugoslavia to be a loyal Soviet satellite, but Tito surprised the West in 1948 by breaking with Stalin. Seizing this opportunity, the Truman administration sought to "keep Tito afloat" by giving him military and economic aid.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MO0brh8EgdcC&pg=PR16&dq=Keeping+Tito+Afloat:+The+United+States,+Yugoslavia,+and+the+Cold+War+loans&hl=en&ei=0VB2TPu3GMWrcYbigY8G&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=loans&f=false|title=Keeping Keeping Tito Afloat}}  by Lorraine M. Lees
 +
*"Keeping Tito Afloat draws upon newly '''declassified''' documents to show the critical role that Yugoslavia played in [[United States|U.S. foreign]] policy with the communist world in the early years of the Cold War."</ref>}}
 +
 +
Josip Broz was a backer of independent roads to socialism. As such, he supported the policy of non-alignment between the two hostile blocs in the Cold War. Such successful diplomacy allowed Tito to preside over the Yugoslav economic boom and the expansion of the 1960s and 70s however, it was all a short-term solution.<ref>'''Encyclopaedia Britannica'''-History & Society: Josip Broz Tito
 +
*"He promoted self-management but never gave up on the party’s monopoly of power. He permitted broad freedoms in science, art, and culture that were unheard of in the Soviet bloc, but he kept excoriating the West. He preached peaceful coexistence but built an army that, in 1991, delivered the coup de grace to the dying Yugoslav state. At his death, the '''state treasury''' was '''empty''' and political opportunists unchecked." </ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/yugoslavia_03.shtml|title=BBC-History by Tim Judah|}}</ref> <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=pSxJdE4MYo4C&pg=PA187&dq=Ivo+Goldstein++Tito&hl=en&ei=ighBTLC6M8Srcb_9uaQP&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=the%20economic%20failure%20of%20Tito’s%20system&f=false Croatia: A History] by Ivo Goldstein</ref> His presidency and leadership were authoritarian and ''Dictatorial'' while his internal policies included the suppression of nationalist sentiment. He and the Communist Party of Yugoslavia promoted the "brotherhood and unity" of the six Yugoslav nations which was achieved by Communist Dictatorship policies (and propaganda).
  
 
== Lifestyle ==
 
== Lifestyle ==
 
As the leader of Yugoslavia, Tito maintained a lavish playboy lifestyle and kept several mansions. In Belgrade he resided in the official palace, (Beli Dvor), and maintained a separate private residence. He spent much time at his private island of Brijuni, an official residence from 1949 on, and at his palace at the Bled Lake. By 1974 Tito had 32 official residences.
 
As the leader of Yugoslavia, Tito maintained a lavish playboy lifestyle and kept several mansions. In Belgrade he resided in the official palace, (Beli Dvor), and maintained a separate private residence. He spent much time at his private island of Brijuni, an official residence from 1949 on, and at his palace at the Bled Lake. By 1974 Tito had 32 official residences.
  
−
He is a controversial historical figure in the Balkans.  
+
According to [[Wikipedia]], Josip Broz worked for the Benz auto mobile factory in Austria and worked as a test driver for Daimler.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito#Early_life|title=Wikipedia: Josip Broz Tito}}</ref>
−
 
 
 
== See also ==
 
== See also ==
 
*[[Titoism and Totalitarianism]]
 
*[[Titoism and Totalitarianism]]
Line 74: Line 74:
 
* [http://www.mp.gov.si/fileadmin/mp.gov.si/pageuploads/2005/PDF/publikacije/Crimes_committed_by_Totalitarian_Regimes.pdf European Public Hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"]  organised by the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the [[European Union]] (January–June 2008) and the European Commission.  
 
* [http://www.mp.gov.si/fileadmin/mp.gov.si/pageuploads/2005/PDF/publikacije/Crimes_committed_by_Totalitarian_Regimes.pdf European Public Hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"]  organised by the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the [[European Union]] (January–June 2008) and the European Commission.  
 
* Encyclopaedia Britannica
 
* Encyclopaedia Britannica
−
* Wikipedia
+
*[[BBC]]-History  [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/4923466.stm by Tim Judah]
 +
* Wikipedia: Josip Broz Tito
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
Line 83: Line 84:
 
* University of Zagreb [http://www.unizg.hr/homepage/ ''Link'']
 
* University of Zagreb [http://www.unizg.hr/homepage/ ''Link'']
 
*Government of the [[Slovenia|Republic of Slovenia]]: Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia (a former republic of Yugoslavia) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Concealed_Mass_Graves_in_Slovenia ''Link'']
 
*Government of the [[Slovenia|Republic of Slovenia]]: Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia (a former republic of Yugoslavia) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Concealed_Mass_Graves_in_Slovenia ''Link'']
 +
* [http://www.javno.com/en-world/mass-grave-massacre-ordered-by-josip-broz-tito_240674 Croatia's-Javno:] Mass Grave Massacre Ordered by Josip Broz Tito.
 +
 +
 +
----
 
{{GKAnt}}  
 
{{GKAnt}}  
 
{{GKAdBrite}}
 
{{GKAdBrite}}

Revision as of 09:34, 17 September 2010

Josip Broz Tito (1892–1980) was a Croatian politician. This article is about a contemporary view of the Balkan Dictator Josip Broz Tito. There is no cold war communist rhetoric here, rather a critical look at this historic individual.

Josip Broz was born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, now Croatia (a former republic of Yugoslavia) and was the Commander of all Partisans and Communists during World War Two. He later became Yugoslavia's political leader and was the main decision maker in military and political matters. He was President for Life of Yugoslavia and played a crucial, if not the main role, in historical events of that country. He was considered by many to be, one of the prominent Eastern European Balkan Dictators of the Cold War era. He also was a member of the infamous Soviet Police-NKVD.

He is a controversial historical figure in the Balkans.

Following are some of his many roles;

  • The Prime Minister of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
  • Secretary-General of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1939–80).
  • He apparently held the rank of Marshal of Yugoslavia, serving as the supreme commander of the Yugoslav military, the Yugoslav People's Army.
  • One of the founders of Cominform. Cominform was the beginning of the Soviet communist block (Yugoslavia got kicked out in 1948).
  • One of the main founders and promoters of the Non-Aligned Movement, and its first Secretary-General.

Post Berlin Wall and the collapse of Yugoslavia

After the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of Yugoslavia, factual evidence has emerged that Josip Broz and the Yugoslav regime were actually responsible for executing mass murders, arrests and torture. The worst of these events are the;

  • Way of the Cross massacres[1]
  • Bleiburg massacre[2]
  • Foibe massacres

During the Bleiburg & Way of the Cross massacres in 1945/46 the Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia commission by government of the Republic of Slovenia, discovered and detected 581 mass graves in which, the estimates about 100 000 victims in total. [3] The killings were executed by the Yugoslav Paritsian Army. Additionally there is the ethnic cleansing of Germans, Hungarians and Italians of the former Yugoslavia.[4]

  • Information from Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005:
“ Native German and Hungarian communities, seen as complicit with wartime occupation, were brutally treated; tantamount in some cases to ethnic cleansing. The Volksdeutsch settlements of Vojvodina and Slavonia largely disappeared. Perhaps 100,000 people—half the ethnic German population in Yugoslavia—fled in 1945, and many who remained were compelled to do forced Labour, murdered, or later ransomed by West Germany. Some 20,000 Hungarians of Vojvodina were killed in reprisals. Albanian rebellions in Kosovo were suppressed, with prisoners sent on death marches towards the coast. An estimated 170,000 ethnic Italians fled to Italy in the late 1940s and 1950s. (All of these figures are highly approximate.)[5] ”

The Goli Otok (Barren Island), a notorious prison on the Croatian coast, (former Yugoslavia’s Evil Island-Gulag) is where he imprisoned the regime’s enemies. Other camps that were used by the regime are KPH Zenica, Stare Gradiska and Sveti Grgur.

  • Information from European Public Hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes" [6], page 197:
“

Totalitarian machines:

Let us mention briefly Fascism, National Socialism and Titoism in Italy, Austria and Slovenia (a former republic of Yugoslavia) . Three Christian nations, with nationalist tendencies, were infected with totalitarianism. The descent into barbarism has comparable structural elements:

  • Abuse of national sentiment to carry out racial and class revolutionary projects;
  • Cult of a great leader, who permits his fanatics to murder, steal and lie;
  • Dictatorship of one party;
  • Militarisation of society, police state – almighty secret political police;
  • Collectivism, subjection of the citizen to the totalitarian state;
  • State terrorism with systematic abuses of basic human rights;
  • Aggressive assumption of power and struggle for territory.
 ”

Note: Titoism are political ideologies and government policies that dominated the history of the former Yugoslavia. Titoism as a ideology emerged after the Tito and Stalin split and was named after Josip Broz Tito.

  • Information from European Public Hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes", page 161:
“
  • Property was confiscated, inhabitants were expelled from Slovenia/Yugoslavia and their residences, political and show trials were carried out, religion was repressed and the Catholic Church and its clergy were persecuted. At the beginning of the 1950s, Communist rule in Slovenia abandoned these forms of repression but was ready to reapply them if it felt threatened.
  • Thus the regime set up political and show trials against certain more visible opponents later. In the case of an “emergency situation”, even the establishment of concentration camps was planned in Slovenia in 1968, where around 1,000 persons, of whom 10 % were women, would be interned for political reasons.
 ”

Second Yugoslavia

Tito's greatest strength was acquiring money from the West. This made it possible for the creation of the "second Yugoslavia", a socialist, communist federation that lasted from 1945 until 1991. The West wanted to give support to Yugoslavia in opposition to the Soviet Union during the Cold War. More money was given to Yugoslavia during the Cold war years than to Africa.

  • Information from 'Keeping Tito Afloat' by Lorraine M. Lees:
“ After World War Two, the United States considered Yugoslavia to be a loyal Soviet satellite, but Tito surprised the West in 1948 by breaking with Stalin. Seizing this opportunity, the Truman administration sought to "keep Tito afloat" by giving him military and economic aid.[7] ”

Josip Broz was a backer of independent roads to socialism. As such, he supported the policy of non-alignment between the two hostile blocs in the Cold War. Such successful diplomacy allowed Tito to preside over the Yugoslav economic boom and the expansion of the 1960s and 70s however, it was all a short-term solution.[8][9] [10] His presidency and leadership were authoritarian and Dictatorial while his internal policies included the suppression of nationalist sentiment. He and the Communist Party of Yugoslavia promoted the "brotherhood and unity" of the six Yugoslav nations which was achieved by Communist Dictatorship policies (and propaganda).

Lifestyle

As the leader of Yugoslavia, Tito maintained a lavish playboy lifestyle and kept several mansions. In Belgrade he resided in the official palace, (Beli Dvor), and maintained a separate private residence. He spent much time at his private island of Brijuni, an official residence from 1949 on, and at his palace at the Bled Lake. By 1974 Tito had 32 official residences.

According to Wikipedia, Josip Broz worked for the Benz auto mobile factory in Austria and worked as a test driver for Daimler.[11]

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Hrcak Portal of Scientific Journals of Croatia:". Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help) An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg & Way of the Cross. Scientific Journal by Zdravko Dizdar/ University of Zagreb.
    • "An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg & Way of the Cross. This paper dedicated to the 60th anniversary of these tragic events represents a small step towards the elaboration of known data and brings a list of yet unknown and unpublished original documents, mostly belonging to the Yugoslavian Military and Political Government 1945-1947. Amongst those documents are those mostly relating to Croatian territory although a majority of concentration camps and execution sites were outside of Croatia, in other parts of Yugoslavia. The author hopes that the readers will receive a complete picture about events related to Bleiburg and the Way of The Cross and the suffering of numerous Croats, which is confirmed directly in many documents and is related to the execution of a person or a whole group of people and sometimes non-stop for days."
  2. ^ Identity Politics in the Age of Genocide: The Holocaust and Historical by David B. MacDonald. Page 168.
    • "The Partisans also carried out massacres, best known being at Bleiburg (Austria), where retreating Croatian and Slovenian forces and their families were massacred."
  3. ^ www.jutarnji.hr U 581 Grobnici je 100.000 žrtava. English version: The Jutarnji newspaper reported on the 01/10/2009 commissions find, in all it is estimated that there are 100 000 victims in 581 mass graves
  4. ^ Communist Retaliation and Persecution on Yugoslav Territory During and After WWII by Dr. Ph. Michael Portmann:
    • "The following article deals with repressive measures undertaken by communist-dominated Partisan forces during and especially after World War Two. The text represents a summary of a master thesis referring to the above-mentioned topic written and accepted at Vienna University in 2002"
  5. ^ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"www.enotes.com "Yugoslavia." Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005. eNotes.com. 2006. 26 Jun, 2010". Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help) Yugoslavia: Genocide & Crimes Against Humanity (Mark Thompson).
    • "The killing continued after the war, as Tito's victorious forces took revenge on their real and perceived enemies. British forces in Austria turned back tens of thousands of fleeing Yugoslavs. Estimates range from 30,000 to 55,000 killed between spring and autumn 1945."
  6. ^ European Public Hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes" Reports and proceedings of the 8 April European public hearing on “Crimes committed by totalitarian regimes”, organised by the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union (January–June 2008) and the European Commission. Page 197. Joze Dezman: COMMUNIST REPRESSION AND TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE IN SLOVENIA Chapter: COMMUNIST REPRESSION Of “INTERIOR ENEMIES” IN SLOVENIA
    • "In the greater part of this paper, the author deals with individual repressive measures that Communist rule imposed in Slovenia in the period from the end of the war in 1945 until the beginning of the 1950s. In this period, the Communist authorities in Slovenia implemented all the forms of repression that were typical of states with Stalinist regimes. In Slovenia, it was a time of mass killings without court trials, and of concentration and labour camps."
  7. ^ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Keeping Keeping Tito Afloat". by Lorraine M. Lees
    • "Keeping Tito Afloat draws upon newly declassified documents to show the critical role that Yugoslavia played in U.S. foreign policy with the communist world in the early years of the Cold War."
  8. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica-History & Society: Josip Broz Tito
    • "He promoted self-management but never gave up on the party’s monopoly of power. He permitted broad freedoms in science, art, and culture that were unheard of in the Soviet bloc, but he kept excoriating the West. He preached peaceful coexistence but built an army that, in 1991, delivered the coup de grace to the dying Yugoslav state. At his death, the state treasury was empty and political opportunists unchecked."
  9. ^ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"BBC-History by Tim Judah". Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  10. ^ Croatia: A History by Ivo Goldstein
  11. ^ <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>"Wikipedia: Josip Broz Tito".

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