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| Matter | Form | | | Matter | Form | | ||
o-------------------o-----------------------------o | o-------------------o-----------------------------o | ||
| + | </pre> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Table 8. Boolean Product=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | <pre> | ||
| + | Table 8. Boolean Product | ||
| + | o---------o---------o---------o | ||
| + | | %*% % %0% | %1% | | ||
| + | o=========o=========o=========o | ||
| + | | %0% % %0% | %0% | | ||
| + | o---------o---------o---------o | ||
| + | | %1% % %0% | %1% | | ||
| + | o---------o---------o---------o | ||
| + | </pre> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Table 9. Boolean Sum=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | <pre> | ||
| + | Table 9. Boolean Sum | ||
| + | o---------o---------o---------o | ||
| + | | %+% % %0% | %1% | | ||
| + | o=========o=========o=========o | ||
| + | | %0% % %0% | %1% | | ||
| + | o---------o---------o---------o | ||
| + | | %1% % %1% | %0% | | ||
| + | o---------o---------o---------o | ||
</pre> | </pre> | ||
Revision as of 17:36, 29 May 2007
Differential Logic
Ascii Tables
Table 1. Propositional Forms On Two Variables o---------o---------o---------o----------o------------------o----------o | L_1 | L_2 | L_3 | L_4 | L_5 | L_6 | | | | | | | | | Decimal | Binary | Vector | Cactus | English | Ordinary | o---------o---------o---------o----------o------------------o----------o | | x : 1 1 0 0 | | | | | | y : 1 0 1 0 | | | | o---------o---------o---------o----------o------------------o----------o | | | | | | | | f_0 | f_0000 | 0 0 0 0 | () | false | 0 | | | | | | | | | f_1 | f_0001 | 0 0 0 1 | (x)(y) | neither x nor y | ~x & ~y | | | | | | | | | f_2 | f_0010 | 0 0 1 0 | (x) y | y and not x | ~x & y | | | | | | | | | f_3 | f_0011 | 0 0 1 1 | (x) | not x | ~x | | | | | | | | | f_4 | f_0100 | 0 1 0 0 | x (y) | x and not y | x & ~y | | | | | | | | | f_5 | f_0101 | 0 1 0 1 | (y) | not y | ~y | | | | | | | | | f_6 | f_0110 | 0 1 1 0 | (x, y) | x not equal to y | x + y | | | | | | | | | f_7 | f_0111 | 0 1 1 1 | (x y) | not both x and y | ~x v ~y | | | | | | | | | f_8 | f_1000 | 1 0 0 0 | x y | x and y | x & y | | | | | | | | | f_9 | f_1001 | 1 0 0 1 | ((x, y)) | x equal to y | x = y | | | | | | | | | f_10 | f_1010 | 1 0 1 0 | y | y | y | | | | | | | | | f_11 | f_1011 | 1 0 1 1 | (x (y)) | not x without y | x => y | | | | | | | | | f_12 | f_1100 | 1 1 0 0 | x | x | x | | | | | | | | | f_13 | f_1101 | 1 1 0 1 | ((x) y) | not y without x | x <= y | | | | | | | | | f_14 | f_1110 | 1 1 1 0 | ((x)(y)) | x or y | x v y | | | | | | | | | f_15 | f_1111 | 1 1 1 1 | (()) | true | 1 | | | | | | | | o---------o---------o---------o----------o------------------o----------o
Table 2. Ef Expanded Over Ordinary Features {x, y}
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| | f | Ef | xy | Ef | x(y) | Ef | (x)y | Ef | (x)(y)|
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_0 | () | () | () | () | () |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_1 | (x)(y) | dx dy | dx (dy) | (dx) dy | (dx)(dy) |
| | | | | | |
| f_2 | (x) y | dx (dy) | dx dy | (dx)(dy) | (dx) dy |
| | | | | | |
| f_4 | x (y) | (dx) dy | (dx)(dy) | dx dy | dx (dy) |
| | | | | | |
| f_8 | x y | (dx)(dy) | (dx) dy | dx (dy) | dx dy |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_3 | (x) | dx | dx | (dx) | (dx) |
| | | | | | |
| f_12 | x | (dx) | (dx) | dx | dx |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_6 | (x, y) | (dx, dy) | ((dx, dy)) | ((dx, dy)) | (dx, dy) |
| | | | | | |
| f_9 | ((x, y)) | ((dx, dy)) | (dx, dy) | (dx, dy) | ((dx, dy)) |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_5 | (y) | dy | (dy) | dy | (dy) |
| | | | | | |
| f_10 | y | (dy) | dy | (dy) | dy |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_7 | (x y) | ((dx)(dy)) | ((dx) dy) | (dx (dy)) | (dx dy) |
| | | | | | |
| f_11 | (x (y)) | ((dx) dy) | ((dx)(dy)) | (dx dy) | (dx (dy)) |
| | | | | | |
| f_13 | ((x) y) | (dx (dy)) | (dx dy) | ((dx)(dy)) | ((dx) dy) |
| | | | | | |
| f_14 | ((x)(y)) | (dx dy) | (dx (dy)) | ((dx) dy) | ((dx)(dy)) |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_15 | (()) | (()) | (()) | (()) | (()) |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
Table 3. Df Expanded Over Ordinary Features {x, y}
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| | f | Df | xy | Df | x(y) | Df | (x)y | Df | (x)(y)|
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_0 | () | () | () | () | () |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_1 | (x)(y) | dx dy | dx (dy) | (dx) dy | ((dx)(dy)) |
| | | | | | |
| f_2 | (x) y | dx (dy) | dx dy | ((dx)(dy)) | (dx) dy |
| | | | | | |
| f_4 | x (y) | (dx) dy | ((dx)(dy)) | dx dy | dx (dy) |
| | | | | | |
| f_8 | x y | ((dx)(dy)) | (dx) dy | dx (dy) | dx dy |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_3 | (x) | dx | dx | dx | dx |
| | | | | | |
| f_12 | x | dx | dx | dx | dx |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_6 | (x, y) | (dx, dy) | (dx, dy) | (dx, dy) | (dx, dy) |
| | | | | | |
| f_9 | ((x, y)) | (dx, dy) | (dx, dy) | (dx, dy) | (dx, dy) |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_5 | (y) | dy | dy | dy | dy |
| | | | | | |
| f_10 | y | dy | dy | dy | dy |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_7 | (x y) | ((dx)(dy)) | (dx) dy | dx (dy) | dx dy |
| | | | | | |
| f_11 | (x (y)) | (dx) dy | ((dx)(dy)) | dx dy | dx (dy) |
| | | | | | |
| f_13 | ((x) y) | dx (dy) | dx dy | ((dx)(dy)) | (dx) dy |
| | | | | | |
| f_14 | ((x)(y)) | dx dy | dx (dy) | (dx) dy | ((dx)(dy)) |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_15 | (()) | () | () | () | () |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
Table 4. Ef Expanded Over Differential Features {dx, dy}
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| | f | T_11 f | T_10 f | T_01 f | T_00 f |
| | | | | | |
| | | Ef| dx dy | Ef| dx(dy) | Ef| (dx)dy | Ef|(dx)(dy)|
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_0 | () | () | () | () | () |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_1 | (x)(y) | x y | x (y) | (x) y | (x)(y) |
| | | | | | |
| f_2 | (x) y | x (y) | x y | (x)(y) | (x) y |
| | | | | | |
| f_4 | x (y) | (x) y | (x)(y) | x y | x (y) |
| | | | | | |
| f_8 | x y | (x)(y) | (x) y | x (y) | x y |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_3 | (x) | x | x | (x) | (x) |
| | | | | | |
| f_12 | x | (x) | (x) | x | x |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_6 | (x, y) | (x, y) | ((x, y)) | ((x, y)) | (x, y) |
| | | | | | |
| f_9 | ((x, y)) | ((x, y)) | (x, y) | (x, y) | ((x, y)) |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_5 | (y) | y | (y) | y | (y) |
| | | | | | |
| f_10 | y | (y) | y | (y) | y |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_7 | (x y) | ((x)(y)) | ((x) y) | (x (y)) | (x y) |
| | | | | | |
| f_11 | (x (y)) | ((x) y) | ((x)(y)) | (x y) | (x (y)) |
| | | | | | |
| f_13 | ((x) y) | (x (y)) | (x y) | ((x)(y)) | ((x) y) |
| | | | | | |
| f_14 | ((x)(y)) | (x y) | (x (y)) | ((x) y) | ((x)(y)) |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_15 | (()) | (()) | (()) | (()) | (()) |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | |
| Fixed Point Total | 4 | 4 | 4 | 16 |
| | | | | |
o-------------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
Table 5. Df Expanded Over Differential Features {dx, dy}
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| | f | Df| dx dy | Df| dx(dy) | Df| (dx)dy | Df|(dx)(dy)|
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_0 | () | () | () | () | () |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_1 | (x)(y) | ((x, y)) | (y) | (x) | () |
| | | | | | |
| f_2 | (x) y | (x, y) | y | (x) | () |
| | | | | | |
| f_4 | x (y) | (x, y) | (y) | x | () |
| | | | | | |
| f_8 | x y | ((x, y)) | y | x | () |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_3 | (x) | (()) | (()) | () | () |
| | | | | | |
| f_12 | x | (()) | (()) | () | () |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_6 | (x, y) | () | (()) | (()) | () |
| | | | | | |
| f_9 | ((x, y)) | () | (()) | (()) | () |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_5 | (y) | (()) | () | (()) | () |
| | | | | | |
| f_10 | y | (()) | () | (()) | () |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_7 | (x y) | ((x, y)) | y | x | () |
| | | | | | |
| f_11 | (x (y)) | (x, y) | (y) | x | () |
| | | | | | |
| f_13 | ((x) y) | (x, y) | y | (x) | () |
| | | | | | |
| f_14 | ((x)(y)) | ((x, y)) | (y) | (x) | () |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
| | | | | | |
| f_15 | (()) | () | () | () | () |
| | | | | | |
o------o------------o------------o------------o------------o------------o
Wiki Tables
| L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| x : | 1 1 0 0 | ||||
| y : | 1 0 1 0 | ||||
| f0 | f0000 | 0 0 0 0 | ( ) | false | 0 |
| f1 | f0001 | 0 0 0 1 | (x)(y) | neither x nor y | ¬x ∧ ¬y |
| f2 | f0010 | 0 0 1 0 | (x) y | y and not x | ¬x ∧ y |
| f3 | f0011 | 0 0 1 1 | (x) | not x | ¬x |
| f4 | f0100 | 0 1 0 0 | x (y) | x and not y | x ∧ ¬y |
| f5 | f0101 | 0 1 0 1 | (y) | not y | ¬y |
| f6 | f0110 | 0 1 1 0 | (x, y) | x not equal to y | x ≠ y |
| f7 | f0111 | 0 1 1 1 | (x y) | not both x and y | ¬x ∨ ¬y |
| f8 | f1000 | 1 0 0 0 | x y | x and y | x ∧ y |
| f9 | f1001 | 1 0 0 1 | ((x, y)) | x equal to y | x = y |
| f10 | f1010 | 1 0 1 0 | y | y | y |
| f11 | f1011 | 1 0 1 1 | (x (y)) | not x without y | x → y |
| f12 | f1100 | 1 1 0 0 | x | x | x |
| f13 | f1101 | 1 1 0 1 | ((x) y) | not y without x | x ← y |
| f14 | f1110 | 1 1 1 0 | ((x)(y)) | x or y | x ∨ y |
| f15 | f1111 | 1 1 1 1 | (( )) | true | 1 |
Inquiry Driven Systems
Table 1. Sign Relation of Interpreter A
Table 1. Sign Relation of Interpreter A o---------------o---------------o---------------o | Object | Sign | Interpretant | o---------------o---------------o---------------o | A | "A" | "A" | | A | "A" | "i" | | A | "i" | "A" | | A | "i" | "i" | | B | "B" | "B" | | B | "B" | "u" | | B | "u" | "B" | | B | "u" | "u" | o---------------o---------------o---------------o
| Object | Sign | Interpretant |
|---|---|---|
| A | "A" | "A" |
| A | "A" | "i" |
| A | "i" | "A" |
| A | "i" | "i" |
| B | "B" | "B" |
| B | "B" | "u" |
| B | "u" | "B" |
| B | "u" | "u" |
Table 2. Sign Relation of Interpreter B
Table 2. Sign Relation of Interpreter B o---------------o---------------o---------------o | Object | Sign | Interpretant | o---------------o---------------o---------------o | A | "A" | "A" | | A | "A" | "u" | | A | "u" | "A" | | A | "u" | "u" | | B | "B" | "B" | | B | "B" | "i" | | B | "i" | "B" | | B | "i" | "i" | o---------------o---------------o---------------o
| Object | Sign | Interpretant |
|---|---|---|
| A | "A" | "A" |
| A | "A" | "u" |
| A | "u" | "A" |
| A | "u" | "u" |
| B | "B" | "B" |
| B | "B" | "i" |
| B | "i" | "B" |
| B | "i" | "i" |
Table 3. Semiotic Partition of Interpreter A
Table 3. A's Semiotic Partition o-------------------------------o | "A" "i" | o-------------------------------o | "u" "B" | o-------------------------------o
| ||
|
Table 4. Semiotic Partition of Interpreter B
Table 4. B's Semiotic Partition o---------------o---------------o | "A" | "i" | | | | | "u" | "B" | o---------------o---------------o
|
|
Table 5. Alignments of Capacities
Table 5. Alignments of Capacities o-------------------o-----------------------------o | Formal | Formative | o-------------------o-----------------------------o | Objective | Instrumental | | Passive | Active | o-------------------o--------------o--------------o | Afforded | Possessed | Exercised | o-------------------o--------------o--------------o
Table 6. Alignments of Capacities in Aristotle
Table 6. Alignments of Capacities in Aristotle o-------------------o-----------------------------o | Matter | Form | o-------------------o-----------------------------o | Potentiality | Actuality | | Receptivity | Possession | Exercise | | Life | Sleep | Waking | | Wax | Impression | | Axe | Edge | Cutting | | Eye | Vision | Seeing | | Body | Soul | o-------------------o-----------------------------o | Ship? | Sailor? | o-------------------o-----------------------------o
Table 7. Synthesis of Alignments
Table 7. Synthesis of Alignments o-------------------o-----------------------------o | Formal | Formative | o-------------------o-----------------------------o | Objective | Instrumental | | Passive | Active | | Afforded | Possessed | Exercised | | To Hold | To Have | To Use | | Receptivity | Possession | Exercise | | Potentiality | Actuality | | Matter | Form | o-------------------o-----------------------------o
Table 8. Boolean Product
Table 8. Boolean Product o---------o---------o---------o | %*% % %0% | %1% | o=========o=========o=========o | %0% % %0% | %0% | o---------o---------o---------o | %1% % %0% | %1% | o---------o---------o---------o
Table 9. Boolean Sum
Table 9. Boolean Sum o---------o---------o---------o | %+% % %0% | %1% | o=========o=========o=========o | %0% % %0% | %1% | o---------o---------o---------o | %1% % %1% | %0% | o---------o---------o---------o
Logical Tables
Higher Order Propositions
| \ x | 1 0 | F | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m |
| F \ | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | ||
| F0 | 0 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| F1 | 0 1 | (x) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| F2 | 1 0 | x | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| F3 | 1 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Measure | Happening | Exactness | Existence | Linearity | Uniformity | Information |
| m0 | nothing happens | |||||
| m1 | just false | nothing exists | ||||
| m2 | just not x | |||||
| m3 | nothing is x | |||||
| m4 | just x | |||||
| m5 | everything is x | F is linear | ||||
| m6 | F is not uniform | F is informed | ||||
| m7 | not just true | |||||
| m8 | just true | |||||
| m9 | F is uniform | F is not informed | ||||
| m10 | something is not x | F is not linear | ||||
| m11 | not just x | |||||
| m12 | something is x | |||||
| m13 | not just not x | |||||
| m14 | not just false | something exists | ||||
| m15 | anything happens |
| x : | 1100 | f | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m |
| y : | 1010 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | |
| f0 | 0000 | ( ) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| f1 | 0001 | (x)(y) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
| f2 | 0010 | (x) y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| f3 | 0011 | (x) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
| f4 | 0100 | x (y) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
| f5 | 0101 | (y) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| f6 | 0110 | (x, y) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| f7 | 0111 | (x y) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| f8 | 1000 | x y | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| f9 | 1001 | ((x, y)) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| f10 | 1010 | y | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| f11 | 1011 | (x (y)) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| f12 | 1100 | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| f13 | 1101 | ((x) y) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| f14 | 1110 | ((x)(y)) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| f15 | 1111 | (( )) |
| x : | 1100 | f | α | α | α | α | α | α | α | α | α | α | α | α | α | α | α | α |
| y : | 1010 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |
| f0 | 0000 | ( ) | 1 | |||||||||||||||
| f1 | 0001 | (x)(y) | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
| f2 | 0010 | (x) y | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
| f3 | 0011 | (x) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
| f4 | 0100 | x (y) | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
| f5 | 0101 | (y) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
| f6 | 0110 | (x, y) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
| f7 | 0111 | (x y) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| f8 | 1000 | x y | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
| f9 | 1001 | ((x, y)) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
| f10 | 1010 | y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
| f11 | 1011 | (x (y)) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| f12 | 1100 | x | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
| f13 | 1101 | ((x) y) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| f14 | 1110 | ((x)(y)) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| f15 | 1111 | (( )) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| x : | 1100 | f | β | β | β | β | β | β | β | β | β | β | β | β | β | β | β | β |
| y : | 1010 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | |
| f0 | 0000 | ( ) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| f1 | 0001 | (x)(y) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| f2 | 0010 | (x) y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| f3 | 0011 | (x) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
| f4 | 0100 | x (y) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| f5 | 0101 | (y) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
| f6 | 0110 | (x, y) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
| f7 | 0111 | (x y) | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
| f8 | 1000 | x y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| f9 | 1001 | ((x, y)) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
| f10 | 1010 | y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
| f11 | 1011 | (x (y)) | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
| f12 | 1100 | x | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
| f13 | 1101 | ((x) y) | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
| f14 | 1110 | ((x)(y)) | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
| f15 | 1111 | (( )) | 1 |
| A | Universal Affirmative | All | x | is | y | Indicator of " x (y)" = 0 |
| E | Universal Negative | All | x | is | (y) | Indicator of " x y " = 0 |
| I | Particular Affirmative | Some | x | is | y | Indicator of " x y " = 1 |
| O | Particular Negative | Some | x | is | (y) | Indicator of " x (y)" = 1 |
| Mnemonic | Category | Classical Form | Alternate Form | Symmetric Form | Operator |
| E Exclusive |
Universal Negative |
All x is (y) | No x is y | (L11) | |
| A Absolute |
Universal Affirmative |
All x is y | No x is (y) | (L10) | |
| All y is x | No y is (x) | No (x) is y | (L01) | ||
| All (y) is x | No (y) is (x) | No (x) is (y) | (L00) | ||
| Some (x) is (y) | Some (x) is (y) | L00 | |||
| Some (x) is y | Some (x) is y | L01 | |||
| O Obtrusive |
Particular Negative |
Some x is (y) | Some x is (y) | L10 | |
| I Indefinite |
Particular Affirmative |
Some x is y | Some x is y | L11 |
| x : | 1100 | f | (L11) | (L10) | (L01) | (L00) | L00 | L01 | L10 | L11 |
| y : | 1010 | no x is y |
no x is (y) |
no (x) is y |
no (x) is (y) |
some (x) is (y) |
some (x) is y |
some x is (y) |
some x is y | |
| f0 | 0000 | ( ) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| f1 | 0001 | (x)(y) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| f2 | 0010 | (x) y | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| f3 | 0011 | (x) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| f4 | 0100 | x (y) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| f5 | 0101 | (y) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| f6 | 0110 | (x, y) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| f7 | 0111 | (x y) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| f8 | 1000 | x y | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| f9 | 1001 | ((x, y)) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| f10 | 1010 | y | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| f11 | 1011 | (x (y)) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| f12 | 1100 | x | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| f13 | 1101 | ((x) y) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| f14 | 1110 | ((x)(y)) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| f15 | 1111 | (( )) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Table 7. Higher Order Propositions (n = 1) o------o-----o-----o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o---o | \ x | 1 0 | F |m |m |m |m |m |m |m |m |m |m |m |m |m |m |m |m | | F \ | | |00|01|02|03|04|05|06|07|08|09|10|11|12|13|14|15 | o------o-----o-----o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o---o | | | | | | F_0 | 0 0 | 0 | 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 | | | | | | | F_1 | 0 1 | (x) | 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 | | | | | | | F_2 | 1 0 | x | 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | | F_3 | 1 1 | 1 | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | o------o-----o-----o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o---o
Table 8. Interpretive Categories for Higher Order Propositions (n = 1) o-------o----------o------------o------------o----------o----------o-----------o |Measure| Happening| Exactness | Existence | Linearity|Uniformity|Information| o-------o----------o------------o------------o----------o----------o-----------o | m_0 | nothing | | | | | | | | happens | | | | | | o-------o----------o------------o------------o----------o----------o-----------o | m_1 | | | nothing | | | | | | | just false | exists | | | | o-------o----------o------------o------------o----------o----------o-----------o | m_2 | | | | | | | | | | just not x | | | | | o-------o----------o------------o------------o----------o----------o-----------o | m_3 | | | nothing | | | | | | | | is x | | | | o-------o----------o------------o------------o----------o----------o-----------o | m_4 | | | | | | | | | | just x | | | | | o-------o----------o------------o------------o----------o----------o-----------o | m_5 | | | everything | F is | | | | | | | is x | linear | | | o-------o----------o------------o------------o----------o----------o-----------o | m_6 | | | | | F is not | F is | | | | | | | uniform | informed | o-------o----------o------------o------------o----------o----------o-----------o | m_7 | | not | | | | | | | | just true | | | | | o-------o----------o------------o------------o----------o----------o-----------o | m_8 | | | | | | | | | | just true | | | | | o-------o----------o------------o------------o----------o----------o-----------o | m_9 | | | | | F is | F is not | | | | | | | uniform | informed | o-------o----------o------------o------------o----------o----------o-----------o | m_10 | | | something | F is not | | | | | | | is not x | linear | | | o-------o----------o------------o------------o----------o----------o-----------o | m_11 | | not | | | | | | | | just x | | | | | o-------o----------o------------o------------o----------o----------o-----------o | m_12 | | | something | | | | | | | | is x | | | | o-------o----------o------------o------------o----------o----------o-----------o | m_13 | | not | | | | | | | | just not x | | | | | o-------o----------o------------o------------o----------o----------o-----------o | m_14 | | not | something | | | | | | | just false | exists | | | | o-------o----------o------------o------------o----------o----------o-----------o | m_15 | anything | | | | | | | | happens | | | | | | o-------o----------o------------o------------o----------o----------o-----------o
Table 9. Higher Order Propositions (n = 2) o------o------o----------o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o | | x | 1100 | f |m|m|m|m|m|m|m|m|m|m|m|m|m|m|m|m|.| | | y | 1010 | |0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|1|1|1|1|1|1|.| | f \ | | |0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|0|1|2|3|4|5|.| o------o------o----------o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o | | | | | | f_0 | 0000 | () |0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 | | | | | | | f_1 | 0001 | (x)(y) | 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 | | | | | | | f_2 | 0010 | (x) y | 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | | f_3 | 0011 | (x) | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | | f_4 | 0100 | x (y) | | | | | | | | f_5 | 0101 | (y) | | | | | | | | f_6 | 0110 | (x, y) | | | | | | | | f_7 | 0111 | (x y) | | | | | | | o------o------o----------o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o | | | | | | f_8 | 1000 | x y | | | | | | | | f_9 | 1001 | ((x, y)) | | | | | | | | f_10 | 1010 | y | | | | | | | | f_11 | 1011 | (x (y)) | | | | | | | | f_12 | 1100 | x | | | | | | | | f_13 | 1101 | ((x) y) | | | | | | | | f_14 | 1110 | ((x)(y)) | | | | | | | | f_15 | 1111 | (()) | | | | | | | o------o------o----------o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o
Table 10. Qualifiers of Implication Ordering: !a!_i f = !Y!(f_i => f) o------o------o----------o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o | | x | 1100 | f |a |a |a |a |a |a |a |a |a |a |a |a |a |a |a |a | | | y | 1010 | |1 |1 |1 |1 |1 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | | f \ | | |5 |4 |3 |2 |1 |0 |9 |8 |7 |6 |5 |4 |3 |2 |1 |0 | o------o------o----------o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o | | | | | | f_0 | 0000 | () | 1 | | | | | | | f_1 | 0001 | (x)(y) | 1 1 | | | | | | | f_2 | 0010 | (x) y | 1 1 | | | | | | | f_3 | 0011 | (x) | 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | | f_4 | 0100 | x (y) | 1 1 | | | | | | | f_5 | 0101 | (y) | 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | | f_6 | 0110 | (x, y) | 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | | f_7 | 0111 | (x y) | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | | f_8 | 1000 | x y | 1 1 | | | | | | | f_9 | 1001 | ((x, y)) | 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | | f_10 | 1010 | y | 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | | f_11 | 1011 | (x (y)) | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | | f_12 | 1100 | x | 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | | f_13 | 1101 | ((x) y) | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | | f_14 | 1110 | ((x)(y)) | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | | f_15 | 1111 | (()) |1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | o------o------o----------o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o
Table 11. Qualifiers of Implication Ordering: !b!_i f = !Y!(f => f_i) o------o------o----------o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o | | x | 1100 | f |b |b |b |b |b |b |b |b |b |b |b |b |b |b |b |b | | | y | 1010 | |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |1 |1 |1 |1 |1 | | f \ | | |0 |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |8 |9 |0 |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | o------o------o----------o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o | | | | | | f_0 | 0000 | () |1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | | f_1 | 0001 | (x)(y) | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | | f_2 | 0010 | (x) y | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | | f_3 | 0011 | (x) | 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | | f_4 | 0100 | x (y) | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | | f_5 | 0101 | (y) | 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | | f_6 | 0110 | (x, y) | 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | | f_7 | 0111 | (x y) | 1 1 | | | | | | | f_8 | 1000 | x y | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | | f_9 | 1001 | ((x, y)) | 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | | f_10 | 1010 | y | 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | | f_11 | 1011 | (x (y)) | 1 1 | | | | | | | f_12 | 1100 | x | 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | | f_13 | 1101 | ((x) y) | 1 1 | | | | | | | f_14 | 1110 | ((x)(y)) | 1 1 | | | | | | | f_15 | 1111 | (()) | 1 | | | | | | o------o------o----------o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o--o
Table 13. Syllogistic Premisses as Higher Order Indicator Functions o---o------------------------o-----------------o---------------------------o | | | | | | A | Universal Affirmative | All x is y | Indicator of " x (y)" = 0 | | | | | | | E | Universal Negative | All x is (y) | Indicator of " x y " = 0 | | | | | | | I | Particular Affirmative | Some x is y | Indicator of " x y " = 1 | | | | | | | O | Particular Negative | Some x is (y) | Indicator of " x (y)" = 1 | | | | | | o---o------------------------o-----------------o---------------------------o
Table 14. Relation of Quantifiers to Higher Order Propositions o------------o------------o-----------o-----------o-----------o-----------o | Mnemonic | Category | Classical | Alternate | Symmetric | Operator | | | | Form | Form | Form | | o============o============o===========o===========o===========o===========o | E | Universal | All x | | No x | (L_11) | | Exclusive | Negative | is (y) | | is y | | o------------o------------o-----------o-----------o-----------o-----------o | A | Universal | All x | | No x | (L_10) | | Absolute | Affrmtve | is y | | is (y) | | o------------o------------o-----------o-----------o-----------o-----------o | | | All y | No y | No (x) | (L_01) | | | | is x | is (x) | is y | | o------------o------------o-----------o-----------o-----------o-----------o | | | All (y) | No (y) | No (x) | (L_00) | | | | is x | is (x) | is (y) | | o------------o------------o-----------o-----------o-----------o-----------o | | | Some (x) | | Some (x) | L_00 | | | | is (y) | | is (y) | | o------------o------------o-----------o-----------o-----------o-----------o | | | Some (x) | | Some (x) | L_01 | | | | is y | | is y | | o------------o------------o-----------o-----------o-----------o-----------o | O | Particular | Some x | | Some x | L_10 | | Obtrusive | Negative | is (y) | | is (y) | | o------------o------------o-----------o-----------o-----------o-----------o | I | Particular | Some x | | Some x | L_11 | | Indefinite | Affrmtve | is y | | is y | | o------------o------------o-----------o-----------o-----------o-----------o
Table 15. Simple Qualifiers of Propositions (n = 2) o------o------o----------o-----o-----o-----o-----o-----o-----o-----o-----o | | x | 1100 | f |(L11)|(L10)|(L01)|(L00)| L00 | L01 | L10 | L11 | | | y | 1010 | |no x|no x|no ~x|no ~x|sm ~x|sm ~x|sm x|sm x| | f \ | | |is y|is ~y|is y|is ~y|is ~y|is y|is ~y|is y| o------o------o----------o-----o-----o-----o-----o-----o-----o-----o-----o | | | | | | f_0 | 0000 | () | 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 | | | | | | | f_1 | 0001 | (x)(y) | 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 | | | | | | | f_2 | 0010 | (x) y | 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 | | | | | | | f_3 | 0011 | (x) | 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 | | | | | | | f_4 | 0100 | x (y) | 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 | | | | | | | f_5 | 0101 | (y) | 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 | | | | | | | f_6 | 0110 | (x, y) | 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 | | | | | | | f_7 | 0111 | (x y) | 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 | | | | | | | f_8 | 1000 | x y | 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 | | | | | | | f_9 | 1001 | ((x, y)) | 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 | | | | | | | f_10 | 1010 | y | 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 | | | | | | | f_11 | 1011 | (x (y)) | 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 | | | | | | | f_12 | 1100 | x | 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 | | | | | | | f_13 | 1101 | ((x) y) | 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 | | | | | | | f_14 | 1110 | ((x)(y)) | 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 | | | | | | | f_15 | 1111 | (()) | 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | o------o------o----------o-----o-----o-----o-----o-----o-----o-----o-----o
Zeroth Order Logic
| L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| x : | 1 1 0 0 | ||||
| y : | 1 0 1 0 | ||||
| f0 | f0000 | 0 0 0 0 | ( ) | false | 0 |
| f1 | f0001 | 0 0 0 1 | (x)(y) | neither x nor y | ¬x ∧ ¬y |
| f2 | f0010 | 0 0 1 0 | (x) y | y and not x | ¬x ∧ y |
| f3 | f0011 | 0 0 1 1 | (x) | not x | ¬x |
| f4 | f0100 | 0 1 0 0 | x (y) | x and not y | x ∧ ¬y |
| f5 | f0101 | 0 1 0 1 | (y) | not y | ¬y |
| f6 | f0110 | 0 1 1 0 | (x, y) | x not equal to y | x ≠ y |
| f7 | f0111 | 0 1 1 1 | (x y) | not both x and y | ¬x ∨ ¬y |
| f8 | f1000 | 1 0 0 0 | x y | x and y | x ∧ y |
| f9 | f1001 | 1 0 0 1 | ((x, y)) | x equal to y | x = y |
| f10 | f1010 | 1 0 1 0 | y | y | y |
| f11 | f1011 | 1 0 1 1 | (x (y)) | not x without y | x → y |
| f12 | f1100 | 1 1 0 0 | x | x | x |
| f13 | f1101 | 1 1 0 1 | ((x) y) | not y without x | x ← y |
| f14 | f1110 | 1 1 1 0 | ((x)(y)) | x or y | x ∨ y |
| f15 | f1111 | 1 1 1 1 | (( )) | true | 1 |
| L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| x : | 1 1 0 0 | ||||
| y : | 1 0 1 0 | ||||
| f0 | f0000 | 0 0 0 0 | ( ) | false | 0 |
| f1 | f0001 | 0 0 0 1 | (x)(y) | neither x nor y | ¬x ∧ ¬y |
| f2 | f0010 | 0 0 1 0 | (x) y | y and not x | ¬x ∧ y |
| f3 | f0011 | 0 0 1 1 | (x) | not x | ¬x |
| f4 | f0100 | 0 1 0 0 | x (y) | x and not y | x ∧ ¬y |
| f5 | f0101 | 0 1 0 1 | (y) | not y | ¬y |
| f6 | f0110 | 0 1 1 0 | (x, y) | x not equal to y | x ≠ y |
| f7 | f0111 | 0 1 1 1 | (x y) | not both x and y | ¬x ∨ ¬y |
| f8 | f1000 | 1 0 0 0 | x y | x and y | x ∧ y |
| f9 | f1001 | 1 0 0 1 | ((x, y)) | x equal to y | x = y |
| f10 | f1010 | 1 0 1 0 | y | y | y |
| f11 | f1011 | 1 0 1 1 | (x (y)) | not x without y | x → y |
| f12 | f1100 | 1 1 0 0 | x | x | x |
| f13 | f1101 | 1 1 0 1 | ((x) y) | not y without x | x ← y |
| f14 | f1110 | 1 1 1 0 | ((x)(y)) | x or y | x ∨ y |
| f15 | f1111 | 1 1 1 1 | (( )) | true | 1 |
Template Draft
| L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| x : | 1 1 0 0 | |||||
| y : | 1 0 1 0 | |||||
| f0 | f0000 | 0 0 0 0 | ( ) | false | 0 | Falsity |
| f1 | f0001 | 0 0 0 1 | (x)(y) | neither x nor y | ¬x ∧ ¬y | NNOR |
| f2 | f0010 | 0 0 1 0 | (x) y | y and not x | ¬x ∧ y | Insuccede |
| f3 | f0011 | 0 0 1 1 | (x) | not x | ¬x | Not One |
| f4 | f0100 | 0 1 0 0 | x (y) | x and not y | x ∧ ¬y | Imprecede |
| f5 | f0101 | 0 1 0 1 | (y) | not y | ¬y | Not Two |
| f6 | f0110 | 0 1 1 0 | (x, y) | x not equal to y | x ≠ y | Inequality |
| f7 | f0111 | 0 1 1 1 | (x y) | not both x and y | ¬x ∨ ¬y | NAND |
| f8 | f1000 | 1 0 0 0 | x y | x and y | x ∧ y | Conjunction |
| f9 | f1001 | 1 0 0 1 | ((x, y)) | x equal to y | x = y | Equality |
| f10 | f1010 | 1 0 1 0 | y | y | y | Two |
| f11 | f1011 | 1 0 1 1 | (x (y)) | not x without y | x → y | Implication |
| f12 | f1100 | 1 1 0 0 | x | x | x | One |
| f13 | f1101 | 1 1 0 1 | ((x) y) | not y without x | x ← y | Involution |
| f14 | f1110 | 1 1 1 0 | ((x)(y)) | x or y | x ∨ y | Disjunction |
| f15 | f1111 | 1 1 1 1 | (( )) | true | 1 | Tautology |
Truth Tables
Logical negation
Logical negation is an operation on one logical value, typically the value of a proposition, that produces a value of true when its operand is false and a value of false when its operand is true.
The truth table of NOT p (also written as ~p or ¬p) is as follows:
| p | ¬p |
|---|---|
| F | T |
| T | F |
The logical negation of a proposition p is notated in different ways in various contexts of discussion and fields of application. Among these variants are the following:
| Notation | Vocalization |
|---|---|
| \(\bar{p}\) | bar p |
| \(p'\!\) | p prime, p complement |
| \(!p\!\) | bang p |
No matter how it is notated or symbolized, the logical negation ¬p is read as "it is not the case that p", or usually more simply as "not p".
- Within a system of classical logic, double negation, that is, the negation of the negation of a proposition p, is logically equivalent to the initial proposition p. Expressed in symbolic terms, ¬(¬p) ⇔ p.
- Within a system of intuitionistic logic, however, ¬¬p is a weaker statement than p. On the other hand, the logical equivalence ¬¬¬p ⇔ ¬p remains valid.
Logical negation can be defined in terms of other logical operations. For example, ~p can be defined as p → F, where → is material implication and F is absolute falsehood. Conversely, one can define F as p & ~p for any proposition p, where & is logical conjunction. The idea here is that any contradiction is false. While these ideas work in both classical and intuitionistic logic, they don't work in Brazilian logic, where contradictions are not necessarily false. But in classical logic, we get a further identity: p → q can be defined as ~p ∨ q, where ∨ is logical disjunction.
Algebraically, logical negation corresponds to the complement in a Boolean algebra (for classical logic) or a Heyting algebra (for intuitionistic logic).
Logical conjunction
Logical conjunction is an operation on two logical values, typically the values of two propositions, that produces a value of true if and only if both of its operands are true.
The truth table of p AND q (also written as p ∧ q, p & q, or p\(\cdot\)q) is as follows:
| p | q | p ∧ q |
|---|---|---|
| F | F | F |
| F | T | F |
| T | F | F |
| T | T | T |
Logical disjunction
Logical disjunction is an operation on two logical values, typically the values of two propositions, that produces a value of false if and only if both of its operands are false.
The truth table of p OR q (also written as p ∨ q) is as follows:
| p | q | p ∨ q |
|---|---|---|
| F | F | F |
| F | T | T |
| T | F | T |
| T | T | T |
Logical equality
Logical equality is an operation on two logical values, typically the values of two propositions, that produces a value of true if and only if both operands are false or both operands are true.
The truth table of p EQ q (also written as p = q, p ↔ q, or p ≡ q) is as follows:
| p | q | p = q |
|---|---|---|
| F | F | T |
| F | T | F |
| T | F | F |
| T | T | T |
Exclusive disjunction
Exclusive disjunction is an operation on two logical values, typically the values of two propositions, that produces a value of true just in case exactly one of its operands is true.
The truth table of p XOR q (also written as p + q, p ⊕ q, or p ≠ q) is as follows:
| p | q | p XOR q |
|---|---|---|
| F | F | F |
| F | T | T |
| T | F | T |
| T | T | F |
The following equivalents can then be deduced:
\[\begin{matrix} p + q & = & (p \land \lnot q) & \lor & (\lnot p \land q) \\ \\ & = & (p \lor q) & \land & (\lnot p \lor \lnot q) \\ \\ & = & (p \lor q) & \land & \lnot (p \land q) \end{matrix}\]
Generalized or n-ary XOR is true when the number of 1-bits is odd.
A + B = (A ∧ !B) ∨ (!A ∧ B)
= {(A ∧ !B) ∨ !A} ∧ {(A ∧ !B) ∨ B}
= {(A ∨ !A) ∧ (!B ∨ !A)} ∧ {(A ∨ B) ∧ (!B ∨ B)}
= (!A ∨ !B) ∧ (A ∨ B)
= !(A ∧ B) ∧ (A ∨ B)
p + q = (p ∧ !q) ∨ (!p ∧ B)
= {(p ∧ !q) ∨ !p} ∧ {(p ∧ !q) ∨ q}
= {(p ∨ !q) ∧ (!q ∨ !p)} ∧ {(p ∨ q) ∧ (!q ∨ q)}
= (!p ∨ !q) ∧ (p ∨ q)
= !(p ∧ q) ∧ (p ∨ q)
p + q = (p ∧ ~q) ∨ (~p ∧ q)
= ((p ∧ ~q) ∨ ~p) ∧ ((p ∧ ~q) ∨ q)
= ((p ∨ ~q) ∧ (~q ∨ ~p)) ∧ ((p ∨ q) ∧ (~q ∨ q))
= (~p ∨ ~q) ∧ (p ∨ q)
= ~(p ∧ q) ∧ (p ∨ q)
\[\begin{matrix} p + q & = & (p \land \lnot q) & \lor & (\lnot p \land q) \\ & = & ((p \land \lnot q) \lor \lnot p) & \and & ((p \land \lnot q) \lor q) \\ & = & ((p \lor \lnot q) \land (\lnot q \lor \lnot p)) & \land & ((p \lor q) \land (\lnot q \lor q)) \\ & = & (\lnot p \lor \lnot q) & \land & (p \lor q) \\ & = & \lnot (p \land q) & \land & (p \lor q) \end{matrix}\]
Logical implication
The material conditional and logical implication are both associated with an operation on two logical values, typically the values of two propositions, that produces a value of false if and only if the first operand is true and the second operand is false.
The truth table associated with the material conditional if p then q (symbolized as p → q) and the logical implication p implies q (symbolized as p ⇒ q) is as follows:
| p | q | p ⇒ q |
|---|---|---|
| F | F | T |
| F | T | T |
| T | F | F |
| T | T | T |
Logical NAND
The NAND operation is a logical operation on two logical values, typically the values of two propositions, that produces a value of false if and only if both of its operands are true. In other words, it produces a value of true if and only if at least one of its operands is false.
The truth table of p NAND q (also written as p | q or p ↑ q) is as follows:
| p | q | p ↑ q |
|---|---|---|
| F | F | T |
| F | T | T |
| T | F | T |
| T | T | F |
Logical NNOR
The NNOR operation is a logical operation on two logical values, typically the values of two propositions, that produces a value of true if and only if both of its operands are false. In other words, it produces a value of false if and only if at least one of its operands is true.
The truth table of p NNOR q (also written as p ⊥ q or p ↓ q) is as follows:
| p | q | p ↓ q |
|---|---|---|
| F | F | T |
| F | T | F |
| T | F | F |
| T | T | F |
Relational Tables
Sign Relations
| O | = | Object Domain | |
| S | = | Sign Domain | |
| I | = | Interpretant Domain |
| O | = | {Ann, Bob} | = | {A, B} | |
| S | = | {"Ann", "Bob", "I", "You"} | = | {"A", "B", "i", "u"} | |
| I | = | {"Ann", "Bob", "I", "You"} | = | {"A", "B", "i", "u"} |
| Object | Sign | Interpretant |
|---|---|---|
| A | "A" | "A" |
| A | "A" | "i" |
| A | "i" | "A" |
| A | "i" | "i" |
| B | "B" | "B" |
| B | "B" | "u" |
| B | "u" | "B" |
| B | "u" | "u" |
| Object | Sign | Interpretant |
|---|---|---|
| A | "A" | "A" |
| A | "A" | "u" |
| A | "u" | "A" |
| A | "u" | "u" |
| B | "B" | "B" |
| B | "B" | "i" |
| B | "i" | "B" |
| B | "i" | "i" |
Triadic Relations
Algebraic Examples
| X | Y | Z |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 |
| X | Y | Z |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
Semiotic Examples
| Object | Sign | Interpretant |
|---|---|---|
| A | "A" | "A" |
| A | "A" | "i" |
| A | "i" | "A" |
| A | "i" | "i" |
| B | "B" | "B" |
| B | "B" | "u" |
| B | "u" | "B" |
| B | "u" | "u" |
| Object | Sign | Interpretant |
|---|---|---|
| A | "A" | "A" |
| A | "A" | "u" |
| A | "u" | "A" |
| A | "u" | "u" |
| B | "B" | "B" |
| B | "B" | "i" |
| B | "i" | "B" |
| B | "i" | "i" |
Dyadic Projections
| LOS | = | projOS(L) | = | { (o, s) ∈ O × S : (o, s, i) ∈ L for some i ∈ I } | |
| LSO | = | projSO(L) | = | { (s, o) ∈ S × O : (o, s, i) ∈ L for some i ∈ I } | |
| LIS | = | projIS(L) | = | { (i, s) ∈ I × S : (o, s, i) ∈ L for some o ∈ O } | |
| LSI | = | projSI(L) | = | { (s, i) ∈ S × I : (o, s, i) ∈ L for some o ∈ O } | |
| LOI | = | projOI(L) | = | { (o, i) ∈ O × I : (o, s, i) ∈ L for some s ∈ S } | |
| LIO | = | projIO(L) | = | { (i, o) ∈ I × O : (o, s, i) ∈ L for some s ∈ S } |
Method 1 : Subtitles as Captions
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Method 2 : Subtitles as Top Rows
projOS(LA)
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projOS(LB)
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projSI(LA)
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projSI(LB)
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projOI(LA)
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projOI(LB)
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Relation Reduction
Method 1 : Subtitles as Captions
| X | Y | Z |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 |
| X | Y | Z |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
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| projXY(L0) = projXY(L1) | projXZ(L0) = projXZ(L1) | projYZ(L0) = projYZ(L1) |
| Object | Sign | Interpretant |
|---|---|---|
| A | "A" | "A" |
| A | "A" | "i" |
| A | "i" | "A" |
| A | "i" | "i" |
| B | "B" | "B" |
| B | "B" | "u" |
| B | "u" | "B" |
| B | "u" | "u" |
| Object | Sign | Interpretant |
|---|---|---|
| A | "A" | "A" |
| A | "A" | "u" |
| A | "u" | "A" |
| A | "u" | "u" |
| B | "B" | "B" |
| B | "B" | "i" |
| B | "i" | "B" |
| B | "i" | "i" |
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| projXY(LA) ≠ projXY(LB) | projXZ(LA) ≠ projXZ(LB) | projYZ(LA) ≠ projYZ(LB) |
Method 2 : Subtitles as Top Rows
| X | Y | Z |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 |
| X | Y | Z |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
projXY(L0)
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projXZ(L0)
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projYZ(L0)
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projXY(L1)
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projXZ(L1)
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projYZ(L1)
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| projXY(L0) = projXY(L1) | projXZ(L0) = projXZ(L1) | projYZ(L0) = projYZ(L1) |
| Object | Sign | Interpretant |
|---|---|---|
| A | "A" | "A" |
| A | "A" | "i" |
| A | "i" | "A" |
| A | "i" | "i" |
| B | "B" | "B" |
| B | "B" | "u" |
| B | "u" | "B" |
| B | "u" | "u" |
| Object | Sign | Interpretant |
|---|---|---|
| A | "A" | "A" |
| A | "A" | "u" |
| A | "u" | "A" |
| A | "u" | "u" |
| B | "B" | "B" |
| B | "B" | "i" |
| B | "i" | "B" |
| B | "i" | "i" |
projXY(LA)
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projXZ(LA)
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projYZ(LA)
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projXY(LB)
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projXZ(LB)
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projYZ(LB)
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| projXY(LA) ≠ projXY(LB) | projXZ(LA) ≠ projXZ(LB) | projYZ(LA) ≠ projYZ(LB) |
Formatted Text Display
- So in a triadic fact, say, the example
| A gives B to C |
- we make no distinction in the ordinary logic of relations between the subject nominative, the direct object, and the indirect object. We say that the proposition has three logical subjects. We regard it as a mere affair of English grammar that there are six ways of expressing this:
| A gives B to C | A benefits C with B |
| B enriches C at expense of A | C receives B from A |
| C thanks A for B | B leaves A for C |
- These six sentences express one and the same indivisible phenomenon. (C.S. Peirce, "The Categories Defended", MS 308 (1903), EP 2, 170-171).
Work Area
| x0 | x1 | 2f0 | 2f1 | 2f2 | 2f3 | 2f4 | 2f5 | 2f6 | 2f7 | 2f8 | 2f9 | 2f10 | 2f11 | 2f12 | 2f13 | 2f14 | 2f15 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Draft 1
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Draft 2
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